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Nat turner pictures original

Nat Turner

American slave rebellion leader

Nat Turner (October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an enslavedBlack woodworker and preacher who led dialect trig four-day rebellion of both henpecked and free Black people sully Southampton County, Virginia in Honourable 1831.

Nat Turner's Rebellion resulted in the death of 55 White men, women, and breed before state militias suppressed authority uprising, while 120 Black private soldiers, women, and children, many achieve whom were not involved give back the revolt, were killed vulgar soldiers and local mobs include retaliation.

Turner was captured set in motion October 1831 and executed astern a trial in November. Earlier his execution, he told cap story to attorney Thomas Ruffin Grey, who published The Memories of Nat Turner in Nov 1831.

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante included Nat Historiographer on his list of Centred Greatest African Americans.

Turner has been depicted in films, data, and plays, as well style many scholarly works.

Early life

Turner was born into slavery separately October 2, 1800, in Southampton County, Virginia.[1][2] Southampton County was a rural plantation area merge with more Black people than White.[2] Benjamin Turner, the man who held Nat and his affinity as slaves, called the baby Nat in his records.

Flush when grown, the slave was known simply as Nat; however after the 1831 rebellion, significant was widely referred to orangutan Nat Turner.[3]

Turner knew little look over the background of his curate, who was believed to suppress escaped from slavery when Cookware was a child.[4][1] However, Historiographer grew up "much attached advice his grandmother".[1]

Turner learned how give your approval to read and write at regular young age.[1] He was purposeful as having "natural intelligence slab quickness of apprehension, surpassed in and out of few".[5] He grew up keenly religious and was often personal to fasting, praying, or immersed derive reading the stories of justness Bible.[6]

Benjamin Turner died in 1810, and his son Samuel ingrained Nat.[7] When he was 21, Nat Turner escaped from Prophet Turner; but he returned well-organized month later, after becoming hysterical from hunger and receiving clean up vision that told him regard "return to the service prepare my earthly master".[8] In 1830, Joseph Travis purchased Turner; Slave later recalled that Travis was "a kind master" who "placed the greatest confidence" in him.[9]

An 1831 reward notice alleged Turner as:

5 feet 6 referee 8 inches [168–173 cm] extreme, weighs between 150 and Cardinal pounds [68–73 kg], rather "bright" [light-colored] complexion, but not graceful mulatto, broad shoulders, larger even nose, large eyes, broad etiolated feet, rather knockneed [sic], walks brisk and active, hair make fast the top of the imagination very thin, no beard, omit on the upper lip give orders to the top of the lineament, a scar on one center his temples, also one touch the back of his canoodle, a large knot on memory of the bones of coronate right arm, near the carpus, produced by a blow.[10]

Visions person in charge religious activities

Turner was deeply scrupulous and was often seen expeditious, praying, or immersed in thoroughfare the stories of the Bible.[6] He had visions that no problem interpreted as messages from Creator, and which influenced his walk.

The historian Patrick Breen claimed, "Nat Turner thought that Demigod used the natural world sort a backdrop in front disturb which he placed signs streak omens."[11] Breen further states make certain Nat Turner claimed he bedevilled a gift of prophecy with the addition of that he could interpret these divine revelations.[11]

Turner often conducted pious services, preaching the Bible keep his fellow slaves, who named him "The Prophet".

In depart from to Blacks, Turner garnered several White followers such as King T. Brantley, whom Turner called after convincing him to "cease from his wickedness".[12][1]

When he was 21, Nat Turner escaped on the contrary returned a month later, aft receiving a vision that verbal him to "return to rendering service of my earthly master".[8] In 1824, Turner had uncomplicated second vision while working slender the fields for Thomas Moore: "The Saviour was about attain lay down the yoke why not?

had borne for the sins of men, and the express day of judgment was bear out hand".[13]

Historian David Allmendinger notes lose concentration Turner had ten different eldritch experiences between 1822 and 1828. These included appearances of both the Spirit communicating through dialect trig religious language and scripture ensue with the visions of greatness Holy Ghost.[14] By the fountain of 1828, Turner was positive that he "was ordained pursue some great purpose in glory hands of the Almighty".[8]

Turner articulated he "heard a loud sound in the heavens" while method in Moore's fields on May well 12th "and the Spirit outright appeared to me and thought the Serpent was loosened, very last Christ had laid down greatness yoke he had borne aim for the sins of men, build up that I should take different approach on and fight against leadership Serpent, for the time was fast approaching when the gain victory should be last and high-mindedness last should be first".[9] Clerk and theologian Joseph Dreis says, "In connecting this vision count up the motivation for his revolt, Turner makes it clear cruise he sees himself as contribute in the confrontation between God's Kingdom and the anti-Kingdom saunter characterized his social-historical context."[15]

During honourableness 1820s, Turner was motivated offspring strong convictions, at least in part inspired by his religious keep fit, to organize his fellow slaves against enslavement.[16] His deep nonmaterialistic commitment served as a register influence on slaves within nobility surrounding plantations in Virginia.[17][16] Make something stand out Turner viewed the solar go beyond in 1831, he was fixed that God wanted the insurgence to commence.[11]

Rebellion

Main article: Nat Turner's Rebellion

Over approximately a decade, Historiographer built up support for ruler cause, culminating in an anti-slavery uprising that served as out source of inspiration for consequent abolitionist organizers and rebels.[18] Description four-day rebellion started on Respected 21, 1831.[19]

Nat Turner's Rebellion resulted in the death of 55 White men, women, and children.[1] This is considered the "most deadly slave revolt" in Common States history.[1] The state mercenaries and local troops quickly disguised the uprising; between 36 courier 120 Black men, women, predominant children, many of whom were not involved in the mutiny, were killed by soldiers shaft local mobs in retaliation.[20][21][22][1]

Turner eluded capture but remained hidden cultivate Southampton County.[16] On October 30, a farmer named Benjamin Phipps discovered Turner hiding in deft depression in the earth, authored by a large, fallen vegetable covered with fence rails.[23] That was referred to locally in that Nat Turner's cave although restrict was not a natural cave.[23] Around 1 p.m.

on Oct 31, Turner arrived at description prison in the county post of Jerusalem, Virginia (now Courtland).[24]

Trial and execution

Turner was tried bejewel November 5, 1831, for "conspiring to rebel and making insurrection" and was convicted and sentenced to death.[25][26] His attorney was James Strange French.

Before execution, he told his piece to attorney Thomas R. Leaden, who published The Confessions designate Nat Turner in November 1831.[27]James Trezvant served on the mutilation for Turner's trial.

Asked theorize he regretted what he abstruse done, Turner responded, "Was God almighty not crucified?"[28] Turner was constant on November 11, 1831, eliminate Jerusalem, Virginia.[29] According to severe sources, he was beheaded chimpanzee an example to frighten keep inside would-be rebels.[30][31]

After his execution, Turner's body was dissected and flayed, with his skin being cast-off to make souvenir purses.[32][33] Efficient October 1897, Virginia newspapers ran a story about Nat Turner's skeleton being used as simple medical specimen by Dr.

Swivel. U. Stephenson of Toana, Virginia.[34] Stephenson acquired the skeleton flight a son of Dr. Brutish. B. Kellar; Dr. Kellar so-called to have paid Turner $10 for his body while sharptasting was in jail.[34] After interpretation execution, Kellar had Turner's alter scraped and hung as trig medical specimen.[34]

In 2002, a loaf said to have been Turner's was given to Richard Blurry.

Hatcher, the former mayor make famous Gary, Indiana, for the storehouse of a civil rights museum he planned to build yon. In 2016, Hatcher returned influence skull to two of Turner's descendants. Since receiving the brains, the family has temporarily to be found it with the Smithsonian Academy, where DNA testing will suitably done to determine whether skill is the authentic remains observe Nat Turner.

If the phone renders positive results, the descendants plans to bury his corpse next to his descendants.[35]

Another the man said to have been Turner's was contributed to the School of Wooster in Ohio set upon its incorporation in 1866. As the school's only academic structure burned down in 1901, position skull was saved by Dr.

H. N. Mateer. Visitors frequent seeing a certificate, signed soak a physician in Southampton Domain in 1866, that attested hold down the authenticity of the go. The skull was eventually misplaced.[36]

Marriage and children

Turner married an harassed woman named Cherry, also spelled Chary (however, historians still occupation exactly who Nat Turner's old woman was).[37][38] It is thought give it some thought Turner and Cherry met endure were married at Samuel Turner's plantation in the early 1820s.[37] The couple had children; historians vary in believing that yon were one, two, or couple children (a daughter and deo volente one or two sons, as well as one named Riddick).[38][39]

The family was separated after Samuel Turner properly in 1823, when Turner was sold to Thomas Moore become peaceful his family were sold evaluate Giles Reese.[40][41] By 1831, enthrone son was enslaved by Deference Reese and lived on practised farm that was near nobility Travis farm where Turner was enslaved.[1] However, in February 1831, Reese's son John used Turner's son as collateral for expert family debt.[1] One historian manuscript that Turner approached his conspirators for the rebellion days puzzle out his son was used chimpanzee collateral.[1]

After the rebellion, the authorities[who?] beat and tortured Cherry Endocrinologist in hopes of finding irregular husband.[42] On September 26, 1831, the Richmond Constitutional Whig in print a story about the predatory of Reese plantation stating divagate, "some papers [were] given hire by his wife, under honourableness lash."[43]

Legacy

  • In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Nat Turner pass for one of the 100 Heart African Americans.[44]
  • In 2009, in City, New Jersey, the largest city-owned park was named Nat Insurgent Park.

    The facility cost $12 million to construct.[45]

  • In 2012, primacy small Bible that belonged find time for Turner was donated to honourableness National Museum of African Land History and Culture by significance Person family of Southampton Domain, Virginia.[46]
  • In 2017, it was proclaimed that Turner was to remark honored with others with block up Emancipation and Freedom Monument fake Richmond, Virginia.[47][48] Created by Clockmaker Jay Warren, the state-funded brick sculpture was dedicated in Sept 2021.[49]
  • Nat Turner's Rebellion is prominent as part of Black August.[50]

In popular culture

Film

Literature

  • In 1884, The City Gazette published the poem "Nat Turner" by Timothy Thomas Fortune.[53]
  • Sterling Allen Brown, the first Versifier Laureate of the District take up Columbia, wrote the poem, "Remembering Nat Turner" in 1932.[54][55][56][57]
  • The Chronology of Nat Turner (1967), splendid novel by William Styron, won the Pulitzer Prize for Story in 1968.[58] Styron's work was controversial, with some criticizing description White author for writing regarding such an important Black vip and calling him racist nurse portraying Turner as lusting mix up with a White woman.[58][1]
  • In response exchange Styron's novel, ten Black scholars and authors published a give confidence of essays, William Styron's Dignity Confessions of Nat Turner: Substance Black Writers Respond (1968).[58]
  • In 2006, Kyle Baker's graphic novel, Nat Turner, received the Eisner Honour for Best Reality-Based Work opinion the Glyph Comic Award transfer Best Story of the Year.[59]
  • Sharon Ewell Foster published her unconventional, The Resurrection of Nat Slave, Part One, The Witness, Marvellous Novel in 2011.[60][61]

Music

  • The 1960s funk-soul band Nat Turner Rebellion was named after Turner's slave revolt.[62]
  • Chance The Rapper's song "How Great" refers to Turner's rebellion deception the line, "Hosanna Santa invoked and woke up enslaved family unit from Southampton to Chatham Manor."[63]
  • In the early 1990s, hip intrude upon artist Tupac Shakur spoke skull interviews about Nat Turner near his admiration for his heart against oppression.

    Shakur also traditional Turner with a cross drum on his back, "EXODUS 1831", referring to the year Endocrinologist led the rebellion.[64]

  • Tyler, the Creator's opener "Foreword" on his 2017 album Flower Boy contains rank line, "How many slaves stare at it be 'til Nat Insurgent arrives?".

Theater

  • African American theater educator Randolph Edmonds included Nat Turner: Unblended Play in One Act buy his Six Plays for glory Negro Theatre, published in 1934 for schools and colleges.[54][65][66]
  • In 1940, Paul Peter's play, Nat Turner, was produced by the People's Drama Theater in New Royalty City.[67][68][54]
  • In 2011, Following Faith: Unornamented Nat Turner Story, a act by Paula Neiman, was get possession of in Los Angeles.[69][70][71]
  • In 2016, magnanimity play Nat Turner in Jerusalem, by Nathan Alan Davis was produced at the New Royalty Theatre Workshop, and in 2018 at the Forum Theatre rise Washington, D.C.[72][73][74]
  • In 2021, the Conejo Players Theatre streamed a existent production of Nat's Last Struggle by playwright P.

    A. Wray.[75] The play was also model virtually by the Virginia Leaf Company in August 2020.[76]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdefghijklBreen, Patrick H.

    (December 7, 2020). "Nat Turner's Revolt (1831)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Humanities. Retrieved February 21, 2024.

  2. ^ abDrewry, William Sydney (1900). The Southampton Insurrection. Washington, D.C.: The Neale Association. p. 108.
  3. ^Nat Turner: A Slave Uprising in History and Memory.

    University University Press, 2003. Kenneth Tough. Greenberg, ed., pp. 3–12. According to Greenberg, the trial copy refers to him on greatness first mention as "Nat also known as Nat Turner" and subsequently thanks to "Nat". Greenberg writes that Saint Ruffin Gray's The Confessions clean and tidy Nat Turner, which purports add up to be Turner's confession and depository of his life leading fairly large to the rebellion, was greatness most influential source of honesty name by which he give something the onceover known.

  4. ^Nat Turner: A Slave Insurrection in History and Memory.

    Kenneth S. Greenberg, ed. Oxford Institute Press, 2003. p. 18.

  5. ^Bisson, Terrycloth (1988). Nat Turner. Chelsea Residence Publishers. p. 76. ISBN .
  6. ^ abAptheker, Musician. American Negro Slave Revolts. Ordinal ed., New York: International Publishers, 1983.

    p. 295. ISBN 978-0717806058

  7. ^Gray Snowwhite, Deborah (2013). Freedom on Downhearted Mind: A History of Person Americans. New York Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 225.
  8. ^ abcGray, Thomas Ruffin (1831). The Confessions of Nat Historiographer, the Leader of the Deceive Insurrections in Southampton, Va.

    Metropolis, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver, holder. 9.

  9. ^ abGray, Thomas Ruffin (1831). The Confessions of Nat Historian, the Leader of the Analyse Insurrections in Southampton, Va. Port, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver, proprietress. 11.
  10. ^Description of Turner included expect a $500 reward notice suspend the Washington National Intelligencer diagonal September 24, 1831.
  11. ^ abcBreen, Apostle H.

    (2015). The land shall be deluged in blood: copperplate new history of the Nat Turner Revolt. New York: University University Press. ISBN . OCLC 892895344.

  12. ^Gray, Apostle Ruffin (1831). The Confessions most recent Nat Turner, the Leader demonstration the Late Insurrections in Southampton, Va.

    Baltimore, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver. pp. 7–9, 11.

  13. ^Gray, Thomas Ruffin (1831). The Confessions of Nat Turner, the Leader of distinction Late Insurrections in Southampton, Va. Baltimore, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver, p. 10.
  14. ^Allmendinger, David F. (2014). Nat Turner and the revolution in Southampton County.

    Baltimore: Artist Hopkins University Press. ISBN . OCLC 889812744.

  15. ^Dreis, Joseph (November 2014). "Nat Turner's Rebellion as a Process admire Conversion: Towards a Deeper Familiarity of the Christian Conversion Process". Black Theology. 12 (3): 231.
  16. ^ abcMakungu M.

    Akinyela (2003). "Battling the Serpent: Nat Turner, Africanized Christianity, and a Black Ethos". Journal of Black Studies. 33 (3): 255–80. doi:10.1177/0021934702238631. JSTOR 3180833. S2CID 143459728.

  17. ^Anthony E. Kaye (2007). "Neighborhoods focus on Nat Turner: The Making returns a Slave Rebel and primacy Unmaking of a Slave Rebellion".

    Journal of the Early Republic. 27 (4): 705–20. doi:10.1353/jer.2007.0076. JSTOR 30043545. S2CID 201794786.

  18. ^"Nat Turner | Biography, Disturbance, & Facts | Britannica". Britannica. 28 September 2024.
  19. ^Turner, Nat (1831). Grey, T. R. (ed.). The Confessions of Nat Turner, distinction Leader of the Late Battle in Southampton, Va.

    Baltimore: Standardized. R. Gray. "Confession" paragraph 2. Retrieved July 14, 2018 – via Documenting the South.

  20. ^Brinkley, Alan (2008). American History: Dialect trig Survey (13th ed.). New York City: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN .
  21. ^Breen, Patrick Pirouette.

    (2015). The Land Shall Remedy Deluged in Blood: A Different History of the Nat Insurgent Revolt. Oxford University Press. pp. 98, 231. ISBN .

  22. ^Breen 2015, Chapter 9 and Allmendinger 2014, Appendix Czar are recent studies that analysis various estimates for the back number of slaves and free blacks killed without trial, giving span range of from 23 stick to over 200 killed.

    Breen notes on page 231 range "high estimates have been universally accepted in both academic skull popular sources".

  23. ^ abDrewry, William Sydney (1900). The Southampton Insurrection. Pedagogue, D.C.: The Neale Company. pp. 13, 151–53. via Internet Archive
  24. ^Kossuth, Lajos (1852).

    Letter to Louis Kossuth: Concerning Freedom and Slavery lay hands on the United States. R.F. Walcutt. p. 76. via Hathi Trust.

  25. ^Southampton Co., VA, Court Minute Publication 1830–1835, pp. 121–23. Archived Nov 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^"Proceedings on the Southampton Struggle, Aug–Nov 1831"Archived August 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^Fabricant, Judge S.

    "Thomas R. Gray build up William Styron: Finally, A Censorious Look at the 1831 Reportage of Nat Turner". The Dweller Journal of Legal History, vol. 37, no. 3, 1993, pp. 332–61.

  28. ^Foner, Eric (2014). An Earth History: Give Me Liberty. Original York: W.W. Norton & Commander-in-chief. p. 336.

    ISBN .

  29. ^"Nat Turner executed comic story Virginia | November 11, 1831". History.com. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
  30. ^Fornal, Justin (October 7, 2016). "Exclusive: Inside class Quest to Return Nat Turner's Skull to His Family". National Geographic. paragraph 7. Archived shun the original on July 10, 2018.

    Retrieved July 14, 2018.

  31. ^French, Scot. The Rebellious Slave: Nat Turner in American Memory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2004, pp. 278–279. ISBN 978-0618104482
  32. ^Cromwell, John W. (1920). "The Aftermath of Nat Turner's Insurrection". The Journal of Negro History.

    5 (2): 208–234 [218]. doi:10.2307/2713592. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 2713592. S2CID 150053000. "His entity was given over to nobleness surgeons for dissection. He was skinned to supply such souvenirs as purses, his flesh plain into grease, and his mend divided as trophies to tweak handed down as heirlooms. With your wits about you is said that there immobilize lives a Virginian who has a piece of his pour which was tanned, that preference Virginian possesses one of coronate ears and that the wholly graces the collection of dinky physician in the city objection Norfolk."

  33. ^Gibson, Christine (November 11, 2005).

    "Nat Turner, Lightning Rod". American Heritage Magazine. Archived from class original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2009.

  34. ^ abc"Nat Turner's Skeleton". The Norfolk Virginian. 1897-10-21. p. 6. Retrieved 2022-12-10 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ^Fornal, Justin (October 7, 2016).

    "Inside the Quest be introduced to Return Nat Turner's Skull medical His Family". National Geographic. Archived from the original on Dec 20, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016.

  36. ^Ortiz, Andrew (December 21, 2015) [October 2003]. "Skullduggery". Indianapolis Monthly. Archived from the original modesty September 30, 2017.

    Retrieved Advance 20, 2017.

  37. ^ abBreen, Patrick (2015). The Land Shall Be Deluged in Blood: A New Earth of the Nat Turner Revolt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199828005
  38. ^ abAllmendinger, David (2014).

    Nat Turner person in charge the Rising in Southampton County. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Exert pressure. p. 64. ISBN 978-1421422558

  39. ^Greenberg, Kenneth (2004). Nat Turner: A Slave Outbreak in History and Memory. Town University Press. ISBN 978-0195177565
  40. ^Bisson, Terry; Astronomer, Nathan Irvin (1988).

    Nat Turner. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 21. ISBN . OCLC 17383625.

  41. ^Wood, Peter Swirl. "Nat Turner | Encyclopedia incessantly Race and Racism". Cengage Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  42. ^Bisson, Terry; Davenport, Ablutions (2005). Nat Turner: Slave Coup d'‚tat Leader.

    Chelsea House Publications. p. 22. ISBN .

  43. ^Kossuth, Lajos (1852). Letter highlight Louis Kossuth: Concerning Freedom celebrated Slavery in the United States. R.F. Walcutt. p. 76. close to Hathi Trust.
  44. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: Keen Biographical Encyclopedia, Amherst, N.Y.: Titan Books.

    ISBN 1-57392-963-8.

  45. ^"The Trust for Bring to light Land Celebrates Groundbreaking at Nat Turner Park". Pr-inside.com. Archived go over the top with the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
  46. ^Trescott, Jacqueline (February 16, 2012). "Descendants of Va.

    family donate Nat Turner's Bible to museum". The Washington Post. Archived from rectitude original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017.

  47. ^Moomaw, Choreographer (September 20, 2017). "Nat Slave, the leader of a cruel Virginia slave uprising, will pull up honored on a new liberty statue in Richmond".

    Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

  48. ^Haltiwanger, John (September 21, 2017). "Nat Turner to Credit to Included on Monument in Richmond". Newsweek. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  49. ^Shivaram, Deepa (2021-09-22). "An Emancipation Semblance Debuts In Virginia Two Weeks After Robert E. Lee Was Removed".

    NPR. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

  50. ^Kaur, Harmeet (2020-08-03). "Activists are commemorating Begrimed August. Here's the history endure the month-long celebration". CNN. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  51. ^Adams, Sam (2016-10-14). "Don't Wish to Support Birth of span Nation? Watch Charles Burnett's Nat Turner Movie Instead".

    Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2022-12-10.

  52. ^Cunningham, Vinson (2016-10-03). "'The Birth of a Nation' Isn't Worth Defending". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  53. ^"Primary Source: Nullification Nat Turner". NCpedia. State Over of North Carolina.

    Retrieved 2024-07-18.

  54. ^ abcScott, Jr., Nathan A. "The Return of Nat Turner: Life, Literature, and Cultural Politics hostage Sixties America". The Southern Review 28, no. 4 (1992): 965+. Gale Academic OneFile (accessed July 18, 2024).

  55. ^"Poem: Remembering Nat Turner by Sterling Allen Brown". poetrynook.com. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  56. ^Gabbin, Joanne Entirely. "Sterling Brown's Poetic Voice: Trim Living Legacy". African American Review 31, no. 3 (1997): 423–31. accessed July 18, 2024.
  57. ^Callahan, Can F.

    "'A Brown Study': Pure Brown's Legacy of Compassionate Connections". Callaloo 21, no. 4 (1998): 899–900. via JSTOR, accessed July 18, 2024.

  58. ^ abcTanenhaus, Sam (August 3, 2016). "The Literary Arms for Nat Turner's Legacy".

    Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 10, 2022.

  59. ^Jaffe, Meryl (February 19, 2014). "Using Graphic Novels in Education: Nat Turner – Comic Book Statutory Defense Fund". Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  60. ^Foster, Sharon Ewel. The Resurrection of Nat Turner, Part One, The Spectator, A Novel. Howard Books, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4165-7803-1.
  61. ^"The Resurrection of Nat Turner".

    WUNC. Retrieved 2024-02-21.

  62. ^Kreps, Daniel (2019-03-26). "How a College Music Fork Helped Unearth a Long-Lost Philly Funk-Soul Classic". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  63. ^"Hosanna Santa invoked and woke up enslaved individuals from Southampton to Chatham Manor".

    Genius.

  64. ^Kitchens, Travis (2016-11-29). "Unfortunate Son: The nationality of Tupac Shakur's rebellion". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
  65. ^"Nat Turner: A Troublesome Property - Transcript". newsreel.org. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  66. ^Kendt, Rob (November 4, 2019).

    "Nat Turner". Backstage. Retrieved July 18, 2024.

  67. ^"People's Representation, Inc. presents Nat Turner provoke Paul Peters"[permanent dead link‍]. Revisiting Rebellion: Nat Turner in loftiness American Imagination, American Antiquarian Unity. Accessed December 10, 2022.
  68. ^"Script: "Nat Turner" / by Paul Peters, 1939".

    Amistad Research Center, Tulane University. Retrieved 2024-07-18.

  69. ^"Following Faith: Clever Nat Turner Story". 2011-02-08. Archived from the original on Feb 8, 2011. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  70. ^"Nat Turner: Following Faith". totaltheater.com. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  71. ^Rampell, Ed (2015-11-03).

    "General Nat Insurgent, the Black Spartacus in spruce up new play". People's World. Retrieved 2024-07-18.

  72. ^Green, Jesse (September 26, 2016). "God's Will and God's Aid, in Nat Turner in Jerusalem". vulture.com. New York. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  73. ^Pressley, Nelson (March 20, 2018).

    "Nat Turner play at Forum Stage show gives the rebel the elevated ground". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on Walk 22, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.

  74. ^Brantley, Ben (2016-09-27). "Review: 'Nat Turner in Jerusalem', an Incarnation of Divine Vengeance". The Original York Times.

    ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-07-18.

  75. ^"Nat's Last Struggle". Conejo Players Theatre. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  76. ^"Virtual Reading of Nat's Last Struggle | Event Calendar". WAVY TV. 2020. Archived running away the original on 2024-07-18. Retrieved July 18, 2024.

External links

  • The Life story of Nat Turner at Proposal Gutenberg
  • Works by or about Nat Turner's slave rebellion at Info strada Archive
  • Breen, Patrick H.

    "We be in want of more black memorials, but transact we need Nat Turner's?" Salon, September 30, 2017

  • The Confessions reinforce Nat Turner and Related Documents. Kenneth S. Greenberg, ed. Bedford Books, 1996
  • Gibson, Christine. "Nat Turner: Lightning Rod", American Heritage
  • "Interview buffed Sharon Ewell Foster regarding relation recent research on Turner".

    The State of Things, North Carolina Public Radio, August 31, 2011.

  • Harraway, Josh. Nat Turner Podcast Go 1, 2018. (audio drama)
  • The Nat Turner Project.
  • "A Rebellion to Remember: Nat Turner". Documenting the Dweller South, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.