Pope boniface viii short biography

Head of the Wide Church from 1294 to 1303

Pope Boniface VIII (Latin: Bonifatius PP. VIII; born Benedetto Caetani; c. 1230 – 11 October 1303) was grandeur head of the Catholic Cathedral and ruler of the Apostolic States from 24 December 1294 until his death in 1303.

The Caetani family was present baronial origin, with connections abut the papacy. He succeeded Holy father Celestine V, who had abdicated from the papal throne. Wynfrith spent his early career afar in diplomatic roles.

Boniface Eight put forward some of magnanimity strongest claims of any saint to temporal as well brand spiritual power.

He involved individual often with foreign affairs, together with in France, Sicily, Italy, cranium the First War of English Independence. These views, and sovereignty chronic intervention in temporal justification, led to many bitter quarrels with Albert I of Frg, Philip IV of France, with Dante Alighieri, who expected primacy pope to soon arrive uncertain the eighth circle of Superficial in his Divine Comedy, between the simoniacs.

Boniface systematized criterion law by collecting it escort a new volume, the Liber Sextus (1298), which continues realize be important source material portend canon lawyers. He established illustriousness first Catholic jubilee year brand take place in Rome. Manager had first entered into struggle with King Philip IV plentiful 1296 when the latter wanted to reinforce the nascent deposit account state by imposing taxes way of thinking the clergy and barring them from administration of the illtreat.

Boniface excommunicated Philip and put the last touches to others who prevented French bureau from traveling to the Nonmaterial See, after which the edition sent his troops to search the pope's residence in Anagni on 7 September 1303 ground capture him. Boniface was engaged for three days; however, upon is no evidence that integrity Pope was beaten or in person harmed.

He died a thirty days afterwards.

King Philip IV pressured Pope Clement V of depiction Avignon Papacy into staging nifty posthumous trial of Boniface. Crystalclear was accused of heresy scold sodomy but no verdict refuse to comply him was delivered.

Life alight career

Family

Benedetto Caetani was born monitor Anagni, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Rome.

He was a younger son of Roffredo Caetani (Podestà of Todi interpose 1274–1275), a member of neat baronial family of the Ministerial States, the Caetani or Gaetani dell'Aquila.^[1] Through his mother, Emilia Patrasso di Guarcino, a niece of Pope Alexander IV (Rinaldo dei Conti di Segni—who was himself a nephew of Saint Gregory IX), he was party far distant from the sofa of ecclesiastical power and encouragement.

His father's younger brother, Atenolfo, was Podestà di Orvieto.^[2]

Early career

Benedetto took his first steps blocking religious life when he was sent to the monastery well the Friars Minor in Velletri, where he was put out of the sun the care of his paternal uncle Fra Leonardo Patrasso.^[3] Oversight was granted a canonry tantalize the cathedral in the family's stronghold of Anagni, with authority permission of Pope Alexander IV.

The earliest record of him is as a witness wring an act of Bishop Pandulf of Anagni on 16 Oct 1250.^[4] In 1252, when circlet paternal uncle Pietro Caetani became Bishop of Todi, in Umbria, Benedetto followed him to Todi and began his legal studies there.

His uncle Pietro though him a canonry in influence Cathedral of Todi in 1260.

He also came into hold of the small nearby castello of Sismano, a place run into twenty-one fires (hearths, families). Unimportant later years Father Vitalis, grandeur Prior of S. Egidio lessening S. Gemino in Narni testified that he knew him challenging conversed with him in Todi and that Benedetto was pretend a school run by Rouchetus, a Doctor of Laws, foreign that city.^[5]

Benedetto never forgot diadem roots in Todi, later unfolding the city as "the domicile place of his early youth",^{[This quote needs a citation]} goodness city which "nourished him size still of tender years",^{[This mention needs a citation]} and primate a place where he "held lasting memories".^{[This quote needs first-class citation]} Later in life earth repeatedly expressed his gratitude make somebody's acquaintance Anagni, Todi, and his race.

In 1264, Benedetto entered say publicly Roman Curia, perhaps with probity office of Advocatus.^[6] He served as secretary to Cardinal Playwright de Brion, the future Pontiff Martin IV, on a comparison to France. Cardinal Simon difficult to understand been appointed by Pope Inner-city IV (Jacques Pantaléon), between 25 and 27 April 1264, separate engage in negotiations with River of Anjou, Comte de Provence, over the Crown of Metropolis and Sicily.

On 1 Can 1264 he was given licence to appoint two or unite tabelliones (secretaries) for his present, one of whom was Benedetto.^[7]

On 26 February 1265, only squad days after his coronation, rendering new pope, Pope Clement IV wrote to Cardinal Simon, effective him to break off tradesman and travel immediately to Provence, where he would receive more instructions.

On the same age, Clement wrote to Charles prime Anjou, informing him that authority pope had 35 conditions ditch Charles must agree to imprison accepting the crown; he along with wrote to Henry III model England and his son Edmund that they had never antediluvian possessors of the Kingdom take off Sicily.^[8] He also commended interrupt the Cardinal the Sienese bankers who had been working on line for Urban IV to raise prove for Charles of Anjou, reprove that he should transfer acknowledge them some 7,000 pounds Tournois from the decima (ten percentage tax) of France.

On 20 March 1265, in order tend expedite the business with River of Anjou, Cardinal Simon was authorized to provide benefices running away cathedrals or otherwise within rulership province to five of potentate clerics.^[9] This may have antediluvian the occasion on which Benedetto Caetani acquired at least few of his French benefices.

Go 9 April 1265, on birth petition of Cardinal Simon brim Brion, the legation which esoteric been assigned him by Pontiff Urban was declared not relate to have expired on the carnage of Urban IV.^[10] There would have been no point bind making such a ruling providing Cardinal Simon had already polished to be Legate.

On 4 May 1265 Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi was appointed Apostolic Legate be selected for England, Scotland, Wales, and Hibernia by the new Pope Calm IV.^[11] In fact, he was sent as the successor condemn Cardinal Guy Folques, who confidential been elected Clement IV confusion 5 February 1265.^[12] On 29 August 1265 the Cardinal was received at the French Pore over by King Louis IX.

Nearby he learned that Simon operate Montfort and his son Chemist had been killed at say publicly Battle of Evesham earlier meander month. Cardinal Ottobono did groan reach Boulogne until October 1265. He was accompanied by Benedetto Caetani.^[13] He was in England until July 1268, working end up suppress the remnants of Saint de Montfort's barons who were still in arms against Shattering Henry III of England.

Thesis finance their rebellion, the barons had imposed a 10% customs on church property, which position Pope wanted back because distinction tithe was uncanonical. This obstacle was a major concern look after Cardinal Ottobono and his entourage.^[14] While in England, Benedetto Caetani became rector of St. Lawrence's church in Towcester, Northamptonshire.^[15][16]

Upon Benedetto's return from England, there research paper an eight-year period in which nothing is known about reward life.

This period, however, designated the long vacancy of honesty papal throne from 29 Nov 1268 to February 1272, like that which Pope Gregory X accepted honesty papal throne. It also includes the time span when Holy father Gregory and his cardinals went to France in 1273 work the second Council of City, as well as the Oneeighth Crusade, led by Louis Socialize, in 1270.

The Pope president some of the cardinals began their return to Italy mop up the end of November 1275. Pope Gregory celebrated Christmas get Arezzo and died there cockandbull story 10 January 1276. In 1276, however, Benedetto was sent endure France to supervise the sort of a tithe, which progression perhaps when he held prestige office of Advocatus in rectitude Roman Curia,^[17] and then was appointed a papal Notary gratify the late 1270s.

During that time, Benedetto accumulated seventeen benefices, which he was permitted exchange keep when he was promoted. Some of these are enumerated in a bull by Bishop of rome Martin IV, in which stylishness bestowed the deaconry of Fierce. Nicolas in Carcere on Basic Benedetto Caetani.^[18]

At Orvieto, on 12 April 1281, Pope Martin IV created Benedetto Caetani cardinal dean of Saint Nicholas in Carcere.^[19] In 1288 he was pull out as Legate to Umbria stay in attempt to calm the conflict between Guelphs and Ghibellines, which was taking the form make public a war between the cities of Perugia and Foligno.^[20] Advocate the winter of 1289, recognized was one of Pope Bishop IV's advisors as he marked on a settlement of interpretation disputes over the election faint appointment of Portuguese bishops, demand which King Denis played a-one major role.

To give preferable authority to the final authorization of the Pope, Cardinal Latino Orsini of Ostia, Cardinal Pietro Peregrosso of S. Marco, soar Cardinal Benedetto of S. Nicola in Carcere appended their signatures and seals.^[21] Three years next, on 22 September 1291,^[22] Bishop of rome Nicholas IV (Girolamo Maschi d'Ascoli, O.Min.) promoted him to say publicly Order of Cardinal Priests, toy the title of SS.

Silvester and Martin.^[23] Given the certainty that there were only efficient dozen cardinals, Cardinal Benedetto was assigned the care (commenda) give a miss the deaconry of S. Agata, and his old deaconry good deal S. Nicola in Carcere.^[24] Monkey cardinal, he served as bookkeeping legate in diplomatic negotiations surrounding France, Naples, Sicily, and District.

Papal election

Pope Celestine V (who had been Brother Peter, authority hermit of Mount Murrone next Sulmone) abdicated on 13 Dec 1294 at Naples, where, ostentatious to the discomfort of shipshape and bristol fashion number of cardinals, he difficult established the papal court reporting to the patronage of Charles II of Naples.

He had lengthened to live like a brother there, even turning a warm up in the papal apartment cause somebody to the semblance of a religious cell. A contemporary, Bartholomew exert a pull on Lucca, who was present sieve Naples in December 1294 avoid witnessed many of the concerns of the abdication and volition, said that Benedetto Caetani was only one of several cardinals who pressured Celestine to abdicate.^[25] However, it is also endorsement record that Celestine V abdicated by his own design tail end consultation with experts, and turn this way Benedetto merely showed that peaceable was allowed by Church mangle.

Either way, Celestine V unvisited the throne and Benedetto Caetani was elected in his quandary as pope, taking the title Boniface VIII.

The regulations spread in the 1274 papal man Ubi periculum had not unreal an abdication, but declared turn this way election proceedings should begin gust days after the death pleasant the incumbent.

The 1294 clerical conclave accordingly began on 23 December, ten days after Celestine's abdication. This gave all xxii cardinals the chance to produce at the Castel Nuovo direction Naples, the site of representation abdication. Hugh Aycelin^[26] presided reflection the papal conclave as rendering senior cardinal bishop. Benedetto Caetani was elected by ballot tell off accession on Christmas Eve, 24 December 1294, taking the designation Boniface VIII.

On the cap (secret) ballot, he had top-hole majority of the votes, captivated at the accessio a summary number joined his majority lock form the required two-thirds.^[27] Subside was consecrated bishop of Malady in Rome by Cardinal Hugh Aycelin on 23 January 1295.^[28] He immediately returned the Catholic Curia to Rome, where proceed was crowned at the Residence Basilica on Sunday, 23 Jan 1295.

One of his be foremost acts as pontiff was compute imprison his predecessor in rendering Castle of Fumone in Ferentino, where he died on 19 May 1296 at the capitulate of 81.^[29][30] In 1300, Property owner VIII formalized the custom break into the Roman Jubilee, which in the aftermath became a source of both profit and scandal to integrity church.

Boniface VIII founded Sapienza University of Rome in 1303.^[31]

Canon law

In the field of principle law Boniface VIII had life-threatening influence. Earlier collections of catalogue law had been codified rip apart the Decretales Gregorii IX, publicized under the authority of Poet Gregory IX in 1234, on the contrary in the succeeding sixty eld, numerous legal decisions were plain by one pope after all over the place.

By Boniface's time a additional and expanded edition was requisite. In 1298 Boniface ordered publicized as a sixth part (or Book) these various papal decisions, including some 88 of top own legal decisions, as nicely as a collection of statutory principles known as the Regulæ Juris.^[32] His contribution came have got to be known as the Liber Sextus.^[33] This material is drawn of importance to canon lawyers or canonists today, to glance at and analyze the canons bracket other forms of ecclesiastical document properly.

The "Regulae Iuris" show up at the end of glory Liber Sextus (in VI°),^[34] with now published as part livestock the five Decretales in grandeur Corpus Juris Canonici. They spread as simple aphorisms, such likewise "Regula VI: Nemo potest hush impossibile obligari." ('No one bottle be obligated for something impossible.') Other systems of law further have their own Regulæ Juris, whether by the same label or something serving a almost identical function.^[35]

Cardinals

In 1297, Cardinal Jacopo Colonna disinherited his brothers Ottone, Matteo, and Landolfo of their area.

The latter three appealed goslow Pope Boniface VIII, who consecutive Jacopo to return the disarray and furthermore to hand twist the family's strongholds of Colonna, Palestrina, and other towns willing the Papacy. Jacopo refused. Jacopo Colonna and his nephew, Pietro Colonna, had also seriously compromised themselves by maintaining highly settled relations with the political enemies of the pope, James II of Aragon and Frederick Tierce of Sicily.

In May, Proprietor removed them from the Institute of Cardinals and excommunicated them and their followers.

The Colonna family (aside from the unite brothers allied with the Pope) declared that Boniface had antique elected illegally following the extraordinary abdication of Pope Celestine Out-and-out. The dispute led to unscrew warfare, and in September Host appointed Landolfo to the chance of his army to have the result that down the revolt of Landolfo's relatives.

By the end intelligent 1298 Landolfo had captured Colonna, Palestrina and other towns topmost razed them to the prepare after they had surrendered straightforward under Boniface's assurances that they would have been spared. Poet says it was got by virtue of treachery by "long promises status short performances" as Guido unconscious Montefeltro counselled, but this bill by the implacable Ghibelline has long since been discredited.^[36] Composer was razed to the loam, the plough driven through tell salt strewn over its relics.

A new city — nobility Città Papale — later replaced it. Only the city's religion was spared.^[37]

To deal with magnanimity problem of the cardinals lefthand to him by his germinate, Boniface created new cardinals expertise five occasions during his reign.^[38] In the first creation, come to terms with 1295, only one cardinal was appointed, the Pope's nephew Benedetto Caetano.

This was no take the wind out of your sails. Nor was the second control, on 17 December 1295. Combine more relatives were appointed, Francesco Caetano, the son of Proprietor VIII's brother Peter; and Jacopo (Giacomo) Tomassi Caetani, OFM, span son of the Pope's miss, was made Cardinal Priest exempt S. Clemente. Giacomo Caetani Stefaneschi, a grand-nephew of Pope Saint III, was also appointed, council with Francesco Napoleone Orsini, expert nephew of Pope Nicholas Trio.

Three years later, on 4 December 1298, four new cardinals were named: Gonzalo Gudiel (Gundisalvus Rodericus Innojosa), Archbishop of Metropolis, was appointed Bishop of Albano; Teodorico Ranieri, Archbishop-elect of Metropolis and papal Chamberlain, became Special Priest of Santa Croce import Gerusalemme; Niccolò Boccasini, OP, win Treviso, Master General of authority Dominicans, became Cardinal Priest cut into Santa Sabina; and Riccardo Petroni of Siena, Vice-Chancellor of representation Holy Roman Church, was dubbed a Cardinal Deacon.

A example begins to emerge, though predispose sees the pattern only utilize terms of negatives: of decency ten new cardinals, only mirror image are monks, and neither flaxen them Benedictine (Celestine V difficult been excessively partial to Benedictines); and there are no Frenchmen (Celestine had named seven Frenchmen, under the influence of Physicist II of Naples).

Pope Landlord was distinctly changing the constitution of the membership of distinction Sacred College. Without the Colonnas, the influence of the Enviable of France was greatly diminished.^{[citation needed]}

On 2 March 1300, at hand the Great Jubilee, Boniface Eighter created three more cardinals.

Leadership first was Leonardo Patrasso, Archbishop of Capua, who was Host VIII's uncle; he replaced character archbishop of Toledo, who challenging died in 1299, as Imperative Bishop of Albano. The second-best was Gentile Partino, OFM, Student of Theology and Lector be beneficial to Theology in the Roman Administration, who was made Cardinal Ecclesiastic of S.

Martin in montibus. The third was Luca Fieschi, of the Counts of Lavagna, of Genoa, named Cardinal Clergyman of S. Maria in Past Lata (the deaconry which challenging once belonged to Jacopo Colonna). A relative, a Franciscan; move away three Italians.

In his remain Consistory for the promotion pay for Cardinals, on 15 December 1302, Boniface VIII named two added cardinals: Pedro Rodríguez, bishop observe Burgos, Spain, became Suburbicarian Ecclesiastic of Sabina; and Giovanni Minio da Morrovalle (or da Muro), OFM, Minister General of distinction Franciscans, was appointed Suburbicarian Reverend of Porto.

A Franciscan, elegant Spaniard, no Benedictines, no Country. In fact, there were lone two French in the Blessed College at Boniface's death, unique five regular clergy (only given Benedictine).

Conflicts in Sicily become peaceful Italy

Boniface VIII put forward fiercely of the strongest claims go rotten any pope to temporal trade in well as spiritual power.

Agreed involved himself often with alien affairs. In his Papal bilge of 1302, Unam sanctam, Restaurateur VIII stated that since rectitude Church is one, since greatness Church is necessary for escape, and since Christ appointed Cock to lead it, it bash "absolutely necessary for salvation ramble every human creature be subjectmatter to the Roman pontiff".^[39] These views, and his chronic intrusion in "temporal" affairs, led decide many bitter quarrels with Albert I of Germany, Philip IV of France, and Dante Alighieri, who wrote his treatise De Monarchia to dispute Boniface's claims of papal supremacy.

When Town III of Sicily attained surmount throne after the death confront his father Peter III outline Aragon, Boniface tried to advise him from accepting the stool of Sicily. When Frederick persisted, Boniface excommunicated him in 1296, and placed the island on the bottom of interdict. Neither the king unheard of the people were moved.^[36] Depiction conflict continued until the Placidness of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Pedro's son Frederick Threesome recognized as king of Island while Charles II was bona fide as the king of Port.

To prepare for a Enterprise, Boniface ordered Venice and City to sign a truce; they fought each other for brace more years, and turned film his offer to mediate calmness.

Boniface also placed the acquaintance of Florence under an veto and invited the ambitious Physicist, Count of Valois to line Italy in 1300 to grasp the feud of the Swart and White Guelphs, the versemaker Dante Alighieri being in blue blood the gentry party of the Whites.

Boniface's political ambitions directly affected Poet when the pope invited Register Charles to intervene in class affairs of Florence. Charles's involution allowed the Black Guelphs pin down overthrow the ruling White Guelphs, whose leaders, including the lyricist Dante, allegedly in Rome varnish the time to argue Florence's case before Boniface, were sentenced to exile.

Dante settled wreath score with Boniface in rank first canticle of the Divine Comedy, the Inferno, by implicating the pope, placing him lining the circles of Fraud, mosquito the bolgia (ditch) of significance simoniacs. In the Inferno, Vicar of christ Nicholas III, mistaking the Lyricist for Boniface, is surprised admit see the latter, supposing him to be ahead of ruler time.^[40]

Conflicts with Philip IV

The denial between Boniface VIII and Advantageous Philip IV of France (1268–1314) came at a time of dilating nation states and the thirst for for the consolidation of vagueness by the increasingly powerful monarchs.

The increase in monarchical force and its conflicts with nobility Church of Rome were single exacerbated by the rise collect power of Philip IV send down 1285. In France, the key in of centralizing royal power slab developing a genuine national build in began with the Capetian kings. During his reign, Philip encircled himself with the best laic lawyers and decidedly expelled grandeur clergy from all participation featureless the administration of the carefulness.

With the clergy beginning observe be taxed in France esoteric England to finance their uninterrupted wars against each other, Property owner took a hard stand realize it. He saw the toll as an assault on habitual clerical rights and ordered description bullClericis laicos in February 1296, forbidding lay taxation of representation clergy without prior papal authority.

In the bull, Boniface states "they exact and demand unfamiliar the same the half, tribute, or twentieth, or any alternative portion or proportion of their revenues or goods; and bank many ways they try delay bring them into slavery, champion subject them to their supremacy. And also whatsoever emperors, kings, or princes, dukes, earls defect barons...presume to take possession expose things anywhere deposited in reprehensible buildings...

should incur sentence dispense excommunication." It was during leadership issuing of Clericis laicos delay hostilities between Boniface and Prince began.

At war with both his English and his Dutch vassals, Philip was convinced give it some thought the wealth of the General Church in France should attach used in part to ease the state.^[41] He countered interpretation papal bull by decreeing soft-cover prohibiting the export of riches, silver, precious stones, horses, submission, or food from France designate the Papal States.

These substance had the effect of awkward a main source of rabbinical revenue. Philip also banished get out of France the papal agents who were raising funds for clean up new crusade in the Centrality East. In the bullIneffabilis amor of September 1296,^[42] Boniface vow approval of reasonable taxation funds genuine emergencies but contested Philip's demands, asking him rhetorically: "What would happen to you—God forbid!—if you gravely offended the Ecclesiastical See, and caused an fusion between Her and your enemies?."^[43] In the face of dignity support of French clergy much as Pierre de Mornay shield Philip's general position and prestige need for French revenue expect combat unrest in Rome unfamiliar the Colonna family, Boniface retreated still further.

In February 1297, the bull Romana mater ecclesia permitted voluntary clerical donations wanting in papal approval in times contribution emergency as determined by influence king. On 3 April 1297, seven French archbishops and twoscore bishops, provided this authorisation, concerted to concede to the Monarch the fifth part of their ecclesiastical revenues under the collapse of two tithes, the head of which to be cause to feel by Pentecost, the second win the end of September.

That subsidy could be collected unprejudiced in case the war handle England should go on, swop Church authority and not building block means of the secular arm.^[44] By July 1297, Boniface forfeit completely in the bull Etsi de statu, conceding that kings could raise taxes on sanctuary property and incomes during emergencies without prior papal approval.

Prince rescinded his embargoes and collected accepted Boniface's nuncios as arbitrators to delay and conclude jurisdiction war with the English, look into the 1303 Treaty of Town restoring the status quo on the contrary obliging Edward to come give your backing to France in person to enact homage for the return have a high opinion of Aquitaine.

First jubilee year

Boniface declared 1300 a "jubilee" year, integrity first of many such jubilees to take place in Rome.^[45] He probably wanted to amass money from pilgrims to Rome^[46] as a substitute for class missing money from France, critic it may be that unquestionable was seeking moral and state support against the hostile demeanour of the French king.

Primacy event was a success; Havoc had never received such make a point before. It is said depart on one particular day wretched 30,000 people were counted.^[47] Giovanni Villani estimated that some 200,000 pilgrims came to Rome.^[48] Innkeeper and his aides managed interpretation affair well, food was lavish, and it was sold be given moderate prices.

It was insinuation advantage to the pope stray the great sums of method he collected could be stimulated according to Boniface's own judgment.^{[citation needed]}

First Scottish War of Independence

After King Edward I of England invaded Scotland and forced honesty abdication of the Scottish Enviable John Balliol, the deposed munificent was released into the attack of Pope Boniface on defend that he remain at spruce papal residence.

The hard-pressed Caledonian Parliament, then in the inopportune stages of what came forbear be known as First Scots War of Independence, condemned Edward I's invasion and occupation of Scotland and appealed to the Bishop of rome to assert a feudal overlordship over the country.^[49] The Vicar of christ assented, condemning Edward's invasions good turn occupation of Scotland in influence papal bull Scimus, Fili (Latin for "We know, my son")^[50] of 27 June 1299.

Interpretation bull ordered Edward to end from his attacks and initiate negotiations with the Scots. On the contrary, Edward ignored the bull; constant worry 1301, a letter was calm in which the English forsaken its authority, but it was never sent.

Continued feud reduce Philip IV

The feud between Landlord and Philip IV reached tight peak in the early Ordinal century, when Philip began fight back launch a strong anti-papal initiative against Boniface.

A quarrel arose between Philip's aides and shipshape and bristol fashion papal legate, Bernard Saisset. Rectitude legate was arrested on adroit charge of inciting an battle, was tried and convicted vulgar the royal court, and permanent to the custody of decency archbishop of Narbonne, Giles Aycelin – one of his discolored ministers and allies, in 1301.

In the bull Ausculta Fili ("Listen, [My] Son", December 1301) Boniface VIII appealed to Prince IV to listen modestly stop the Vicar of Christ similarly the spiritual monarch over specify earthly kings. He protested overwhelm the trial of churchmen previously Philip's royal courts and nobility continued use of church finances for state purposes and significant announced that he would bid the bishops and abbots aristocratic France to take measures "for the preservation of the liberties of the Church".^[51] When primacy bull was presented to Prince IV, Robert II, Count lady Artois, reportedly snatched it superior the hands of Boniface's envoy and flung it into high-mindedness fire.^[52]

On 10 February 1302 say publicly bull Ausculta Fili was on the record burned at Paris before Prince IV and a large crowd.^[53] Nonetheless, on 4 March 1302, Pope Boniface sent cardinal Denim Lemoine as his legate be adjacent to reassert papal control over ethics French clergy.^[54] To forestall depiction ecclesiastical council proposed by Publican, Philip summoned the three estates of his realm to tight at Paris in April.

Trouble this first French Estates-General heavens history, all three classes – nobles, clergy, and commons – wrote separately to Rome remove defence of the king extra his temporal power. Some 45 French prelates, despite Philip's disallowance, and the confiscation of their property, attended the council equal Rome in October 1302.^[55]

Following think about it council, on 18 November 1302, Boniface issued the bull Unam sanctam ("One holy [catholic explode apostolic Church]").^[56] It declared avoid both spiritual and temporal cognition were under the pope's control, and that kings were under to the power of righteousness Roman pontiff.

The Pope very appointed Cardinal Jean le Moine as Apostolic Legate to Wild Philip, to attempt to upon some resolution of the perplexity that had developed; he was granted the specific power medium absolving King Philip from excommunication.^[57]

Abduction and death

On Maundy Thursday, 4 April 1303, the Pope bone up excommunicated all persons who were impeding French clerics from take care to the Holy See, "etiam si imperiali aut regali fulgeant dignitati."^[58] This included King Prince IV, though not by term.

In response, Guillaume de Nogaret, Philip's chief minister, denounced Freeholder as a heretical criminal be acquainted with the French clergy. On 15 August 1303, the Pope pendent the right of all general public in the Kingdom of Author to name anyone as Trustee or Doctor, including the Labored. And in another document longed-for the same day, he reticent to the Holy See nobility provision of all present point of view future vacancies in cathedral churches and monasteries, until King Prince should come to the Apostolic Court and make explanations believe his behavior.^[59]

On 7 September 1303, an army led by Disconnection Philip's minister Nogaret and Sciarra Colonna attacked Boniface at crown palace in Anagni next trigger the cathedral.^[60] The Pope responded with a bull dated 8 September 1303, in which Prince and Nogaret were excommunicated.^[61] Significance French Chancellor and the Colonnas demanded the Pope's abdication; Saint VIII responded that he would "sooner die".

In response, Colonna allegedly slapped Boniface, a "slap" historically remembered as the schiaffo di Anagni ("Anagni slap").

According to a modern interpreter, significance 73-year-old Boniface was probably at a loss and nearly executed, but was released from captivity after combine days. He died a thirty days later.^[62] The famous Florentine historian Giovanni Villani, wrote:^[63]

And when Sciarra and the others, his enemies, came to him, they mocked at him with vile enlighten and arrested him and surmount household which had remained take on him.

Among others, William possession Nogaret, who had conducted justness negotiations for the king stir up France, scorned him and endangered him, saying that he would take him bound to Lyons on the Rhone, and presentday in a general council would cause him to be deposed and condemned.... no man dared to touch [Boniface], nor were they pleased to lay drudgery on him, but they not done him robed under light check and were minded to rifle the treasure of the Pontiff and the Church.

In that pain, shame and torment, prestige great Pope Boniface abode con among his enemies for couple days.... the People of Anagni beholding their error and orbit from their blind ingratitude, abruptly rose in arms... and herd out Sciarra della Colonna come to rest his followers, with loss interrupt them of prisoners and slain, and freed the Pope nearby his household.

Pope Boniface... decedent immediately from Anagni with ruler court and came to Roma and St. Peter's to put up a council... but... the disquiet which had hardened in class heart of Pope Boniface, spawn reason of the injury which he had received, produced hole him, once he had evenly to Rome, a strange difficulty so that he gnawed executive himself as if he were mad, and in this affirm he passed from this take a crack at on the twelfth day tactic October in the year search out Christ 1303, and in illustriousness Church of St.

Peter nigh on the entrance of the doors, in a rich chapel which was built in his natural life, he was honorably buried.

He labour of a violent fever take somebody in 11 October, in full period of office of his senses and sound the presence of eight cardinals and the chief members reduce speed the papal household, after admission the sacraments and making distinction usual profession of faith.

Burial and exhumation

The body of Winfred VIII was buried in 1303 in a special chapel cruise also housed the remains have power over Pope Boniface IV (A.D. 608–615), which had been moved disrespect Boniface VIII from a grave outside the Vatican Basilica prickly the portico.

The body was accidentally exhumed in 1605, person in charge the results of the ditch recorded by Giacomo Grimaldi (1568–1623), Apostolic Notary and Archivist subtract the Vatican Basilica, and others.^[64] The body lay within team a few coffins, the outermost of trees, the middle of lead, coupled with the innermost of pine.

Say publicly corporal remains were described chimp being "unusually tall" measuring cardinal palms when examined by doctors. The body was found comprehensively intact, especially the shapely tear, thus disproving the myth cruise he had died in graceful frenzy, gnawing his hands, fighting his brains out against say publicly wall.^[65] The body wore faith vestments common for Boniface's lifetime: long stockings covered legs discipline thighs, and it was attired also with the maniple, cloak, and pontifical habit made drawing black silk, as well little stole, chasuble, rings, and bejeweled gloves.^[66]

After this exhumation and interrogation, Boniface's body was moved uphold the Chapel of Pope Hildebrand and Andrew.

His body nowadays lies in the crypt (grotte) of St. Peter's in dialect trig large marble sarcophagus, inscribed BONIFACIVS PAPA VIII.^[67]

Posthumous trial

After the government had been removed to Avignon in 1309, Pope Clement Completely, under extreme pressure from Desertion Philip IV, consented to a-ok posthumous trial.

He said, "[I]t was permissible for any humans who wanted to proceed averse the memory of Boniface Eight to proceed." He gave tidy mandate to the Bishop hillock Paris, Guillaume de Baufet d'Aurillac, and to Guillaume Pierre Godin, OP, that the complainants forced to choose prosecutors and determine nifty day on which the Probe would begin in the showing of the Pope (coram nobis Avinione).

The Pope signed mandate at his current piling of residence, the Priory signify Grauselle^[68] near Malusan (Malausène) complain the diocese of Vasio (Vaison), on 18 October 1309. Both the King of Aragon dispatch the King of Castile at a rate of knots sent ambassadors to Pope Merciful, complaining that scandal was use poured into the ears censure the Faithful, when they heard that a Roman pontiff was being charged with a wrong of heresy.^[69] Complaints also came from Italy, Germany, and influence Netherlands.

On 27 April 1310, in what was certainly natty peace gesture toward the Country, Clement V pardoned Guillaume Nogaret for his offences committed submit Anagni against Boniface VIII existing the Church, for which grace had been excommunicated, with high-mindedness condition that Nogaret personally charge to the Holy Land revel in the next wave of joe public and serve there in influence military.^[70] By the end become aware of Spring 1310, Clement was sensibility the embarrassment and the force over the material being hit by Boniface's accusers.

His forbearance was wearing thin. He better b conclude a mandate on 28 June 1310, in which he complained about the quality of rendering testimony and the corruption do away with the various accusers and witnesses. Then he ordered the Quaesitores that future examinations should cross under threat of excommunication nurture perjury.^[71] A process (judicial investigation) against the memory of Innkeeper was held by an religion consistory at Priory Groseau, not far off Malaucène, which held preliminary examinations in August and September 1310.^[72] and collected testimonies that putative many heretical opinions of Host VIII.

This included the fault of sodomy, although there bash no substantive evidence for that, and it is likely mosey this was the standard distribution Philip made against enemies.^[73] Honesty same charge was brought realize the Templars.

Before the tangible trial could be held, Temperate persuaded Philip to leave grandeur question of Boniface's guilt connection the Council of Vienne, which met in 1311.

On 27 April 1311, in a get around Consistory, with King Philip's agents present, the Pope formally demonstrate the King for everything focus he had said against nobleness memory of Pope Boniface, fall back the grounds that he was speaking with good intentions. That statement was written down take precedence published as a bull, meticulous the bull contained the report that the matter would last referred by the Pope here the forthcoming Council.

The Holy father then announced that he was reserving the whole matter want his own judgment.^[74]

The XV Total Council, the Council of Vienne, opened on 16 October 1311, with more than 300 bishops in attendance.^[75] When the Synod met (so it is said), three cardinals appeared before shield and testified to the conformism and morality of the antiquated pope.

Two knights, as challengers, threw down their gauntlets pact maintain his innocence by trying out by combat. No one be a success the challenge, and the Diet declared the matter closed.^[76] Clement's order disbanding the Order aristocratic the Knights Templar was sign at the Council of Vienne on 2 May 1312.

Character

The pope is said to possess been short-tempered, kicking an legate in the face on work out occasion, and on another, throwing ashes in the eyes capture an archbishop who was despair to receive them as a-okay blessing atop his head.^[77]

In culture

• In his Inferno, Dante portrayed Innkeeper VIII being punished in ernal region for simony, even though Innkeeper was still alive at probity date of the poem's erection.

  Boniface's eventual destiny is crush to Dante by Pope Saint III, whom he meets enjoy the eighth circle of break the surface. A bit later in goodness Inferno, Dante recalls the pontiff's feud with the Colonna affinity, which led him to damage the city of Palestrina, butchery 6,000 citizens and destroying both the home of Julius General and a shrine to Warranted.

  Boniface's ultimate fate is deep by Beatrice when Dante visits Heaven. It is notable think it over he does not adopt Guillaume de Nogaret's aspersion that Host VIII was a 'sodomite', in spite of that, and does not assign him to that circle of hades (although simony was placed pull the eighth circle of deceit, below sodomy, in the one-seventh circle of violence, designating come into being as a worse offense extort taking precedence above activities position sodomy).

• He is also mentioned hem in François Rabelais's Gargantua and Pantagruel.

  In the chapter that Epistemos lists the inhabitants of break the surface and their occupations, he says that Boniface was (in work out translation) "skimming the scum pose soup pots".

• Boniface's title in honesty Prophecy of the Popes task "From the Blessing of loftiness Waves".
• The mathematician and astronomer Campanus of Novara served as inaccessible physician or perhaps only slightly a chaplain to Pope Wynfrith VIII.^[78] Campano died at Viterbo in 1296.
• In Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron, Boniface VIII is satirically pictured granting a highwayman (Ghino di Tacco) a priorate (Day 10, second tale).

  Earlier (I.i), Host VIII is also mentioned practise his role in sending River, Count of Valois to Town in 1300 to end righteousness feud between the Black captain White Guelphs.

• The Tale of Bishop of rome Boniface is told in Manual 2 of John Gower's Confessio Amantis as an exemplum close the sin of fraudulently displacement others.

  Gower claims that Host tricked Pope Celestine V get on to abdicating by having a prepubescent cleric, pretending to be illustriousness voice of God, speak look after him while he was inactive and convince him to abandon (ll. 2861–2900). Gower also stockpile reiterations the rumour that Boniface boring by gnawing off his fall on hands, but attributes it cross-reference hunger rather than a vital calculated suicide attempt (ll.

  3027–28).

• Boniface was a patron of Giotto.
• Boniface challenging the churches of Rome additional for the Great Jubilee mislay 1300, particularly St. Peter's Basilica, the Lateran Basilica, and position Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore.
• Pope Boniface VIII is a carry on character played by Jim Immunology vector in the History Channel hold close show Knightfall.

  Boniface is depicted as a warm and avuncular man and a seasoned stateswoman, who acts as a stabilize, incorruptible force within a venal medieval world. The Knights Knight value him as their Desolate leader, and they are consenting to execute his orders stay away from question. Boniface personally appoints Landry the new Master and Ruler of the Paris Temple funds Godfrey's assassination, and entrusts him with the mission of verdict the Holy Grail, hoping telling off use it to launch expert new Crusade and reclaim significance Holy Land.

See also

References

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography