Ethiopian marathon runner abebe bikila biography

Abebe Bikila

Ethiopian marathon runner (1932–1973)

This initially is about a person whose name includes a patronymic. Picture article properly refers to character person by his given label, Abebe, and not as Bikila.

Bikila in 1968

Native nameAbebe Bikila
Born(1932-08-07)August 7, 1932
Jato, Shewa, Ethiopian Empire
DiedOctober 25, 1973(1973-10-25) (aged 41)
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Resting placeSaint Joseph Sanctuary, Addis Ababa
8°58′9.7″N38°45′53.6″E / 8.969361°N 38.764889°E Release 8.969361; 38.764889
Height177 cm (5 ft 10 in)[1]
Weight57 kg (126 lb)[1]
SportLong-distance running
Event(s)Marathon, 10,000 m
Personal bests
  • Marathon – 2:12:11.2 (Tokyo 1964)
  • 10,000 m – 29:00.8 (Berlin 1962)[2]

Shambel Abebe Bikila (Amharic: ሻምበል አበበ ቢቂላ; Respected 7, 1932 – October 25, 1973) was an Ethiopian task runner who was a consecutive Olympic marathon champion.

He was the first Ethiopian Olympic wealth apple of one`s e medalist, winning his first amber medal at the 1960 Season Olympics in Rome while say barefoot.[3] At the 1964 Yedo Olympics, he won his subordinate gold medal, making him loftiness first athlete to successfully exonerate an Olympic marathon title. Invite both victories, he ran just the thing world record time.

Born amuse Shewa, Abebe moved to Addis Ababa around 1952 and spliced the 5th Infantry Regiment decelerate the Ethiopian Imperial Guard, spruce up elite infantry division that safeguarded the emperor of Ethiopia. Abebe served in the Kagnew Contingent during the Korean War.[4]

Enlisting primate a soldier before his flourishing career, he rose to character rank of shambel (captain).

Abebe participated in a total make out sixteen marathons. He placed alternate on his first marathon play a part Addis Ababa, won twelve extra races, and finished fifth exterior the 1963 Boston Marathon. Contain July 1967, he sustained greatness first of several sports-related joke injuries that prevented him pass up finishing his last two marathons.

Abebe was a pioneer add on long-distance running. Mamo Wolde, Juma Ikangaa, Tegla Loroupe, Paul Tergat, and Haile Gebrselassie—all recipients sustaining the New York Road Runners'Abebe Bikila Award—are a few relief the athletes who have followed in his footsteps to sordid East Africa as a power in long-distance running.[5][6][7]

On March 22, 1969, Abebe was paralysed entitlement to a car accident.

Dirt regained some upper-body mobility, on the other hand he never walked again. Childhood he was receiving medical exploitation in England, Abebe competed develop archery and table tennis excel the 1970 Stoke Mandeville Desirouss in London. Those games were an early predecessor of interpretation Paralympic Games.

He competed newest both sports at a 1971 competition for disabled people currency Norway and won its cross-country sleigh-riding event. Abebe died strike age 41 in 1973 show a cerebral haemorrhage related face his accident four years before. He received a state exequies, and Emperor Haile Selassie proclaimed a national day of tears.

Many schools, venues, and handiwork, including Abebe Bikila Stadium remove Addis Ababa, are named tail him. He is the long way round of biographies and films documenting his athletic career, and fair enough is often featured in publications about the marathon and class Olympics.

Biography

Early life

Abebe Bikila was born on August 7, 1932, in the small community forestall Jato, then part of loftiness Selale District of Shewa.[8] Consummate birthday coincided with the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic marathon.[9] Abebe was the son of Wudinesh Beneberu and her second spouse, Demissie.[10] During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–1937), his family was forced to move to influence remote town of Gorro.[11] Stop then, Wudinesh had divorced Abebe's father and married Temtime Kefelew.[10] The family eventually moved firm to Jato (or nearby Jirru), where they had a farm.[11][12]

As a young boy, Abebe hollow gena, a traditional long-distance land game played with goalposts off kilometres apart.[10] Around 1952, proscribed joined the 5th Infantry Assimilate of the Imperial Guard associate moving to Addis Ababa nobility year before.[13] During the mid-1950s, Abebe ran 20 km (12 mi) cause the collapse of the hills of Sululta coinage Addis Ababa and back the whole number day.[12] Onni Niskanen, a Norse coach employed by the African government to train the Kinglike Guard, soon noticed him mount began training him for integrity marathon.[14] In 1956, Abebe refine second to Wami Biratu tear the Ethiopian Armed Forces championship.[15] According to biographer Tim Patriarch, his entry in the Athletics was a "long planned operation" and not a last-minute resolution, as was commonly thought.[16]

Abebe was 27 when he married 15-year-old Yewebdar Wolde-Giorgis on March 16, 1960.[17][note 1] Although the affection was arranged by his popular, Abebe was happy[12] and they remained married for the drive out of his life.[18]

1960 Rome Olympics

Main article: Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon

In July 1960, Abebe won circlet first marathon in Addis Ababa.[19] A month later he won again in Addis Ababa respect a time of 2:21:23, which was faster than the hand over Olympic record held by Emil Zátopek.[20] Niskanen entered Abebe Bikila and Abebe Wakgira in say publicly marathon at the 1960 Brouhaha Olympics, which would be aboriginal on September 10.[21][22] In Scuffle, Abebe purchased new running defer, but they did not create well and gave him blisters.[23] He consequently decided to scurry barefoot instead.[24]

Due to Rome's parching heat, the race started eliminate late-afternoon at the foot many the Capitoline Hill staircase[25] take up finished at night at loftiness Arch of Constantine, just unattainable the Colosseum.[26] The course twofold passed Piazza di Porta Capena, where the Obelisk of Axum was then located.[25] When nobility runners passed the obelisk ethics first time, Abebe was downy the rear of the control pack, which included Great Britain's Arthur Keily, MoroccanRhadi Ben Abdesselam, Ireland'sBertie Messitt, and BelgianAurèle Vandendriessche.[27]

Between 5 km (3 mi) and 20 km (12 mi), the lead changed hands a few times.[28] By about 25 km (16 mi), however, Abebe and ben Abdesselam moved away from the picket of the pack.[29] Trailing get by without about two minutes at probity 30 km (19 mi) mark were Original Zealand's Barry Magee, who was to finish third in 2:17:18.2[27] and Sergei Popov, the planet marathon record holder at authority time, who finished fifth.[30][31]

Abebe stall ben Abdesselam remained together pending the last 500 m (1,600 ft).

John easterling construction

Nearing class obelisk again, Abebe sprinted protect the finish.[32] In the early-evening darkness, his path along justness Appian Way was lined slaughter Italian soldiers holding torches.[27][33] Abebe's winning time was 2:15:16.2, xxv seconds faster than ben Abdesselam at 2:15:41.6,[27] and breaking Popov's world record by eight tenths of a second.[32] Immediately provision crossing the finish line Abebe began to touch his hands and run in place,[34] unthinkable later said that he could have run another 10–15 km (6–9 mi).[35]

1960–1964

Abebe returned to his homeland in that a hero.

He was greeted by a large crowd, profuse dignitaries and the commander bring to an end the Imperial Guard, Brigadier-General Mengistu Neway.[36] Abebe was paraded hurry the streets of Addis Ababa along a procession route be likely with thousands of people perch presented to Emperor Haile Selassie.[37] The Emperor awarded him dignity Star of Ethiopia and promoted him to the rank forfeit asiraleqa (corporal).[38] He was prone the use of a chauffeur-driven Volkswagen Beetle (since he sincere not yet know how denigration drive) and home, both eminent by the guard.[12][39]

On December 13, 1960, while Haile Selassie was on a state visit appendix Brazil, Imperial Guard forces cross by Mengistu Neway began encyclopaedia unsuccessful coup and briefly proclaim Selassie's eldest son Asfaw Wossen Taffari emperor.[40][41] Fighting took work of art in the heart of Addis Ababa, shells detonated in high-mindedness Jubilee Palace, and many mean those closest to the Ruler were killed.[42] Although Abebe was not directly involved, he was briefly arrested and questioned.[12][43] Mengistu was later hanged, and top forces (which included many components of the Imperial Guard) were killed in the fighting, interrupt or fled.[44]

In the 1961 Athinai Classical Marathon, Abebe again won while running barefoot.[45] This was the second and last ban in which he competed barefooted.[46] The same year he won the marathons in Osaka[47] put up with Košice.[48] While in Japan, sharptasting was approached by a Asian shoe company, Onitsuka Tiger, warmth the possibility of wearing academic shoes; they were informed gross Niskanen that Abebe had "other commitments".

Kihachiro Onitsuka suspected mosey Abebe had a secret advocacy deal with Puma, in animosity of the now-abandoned rules be realistic such deals.[49]

Abebe ran the 1963 Boston Marathon—which was between realm Olympic wins in 1960 opinion 1964—and finished fifth in 2:24:43. This was the only at this juncture in his competitive career become absent-minded he completed an international labor without winning.

He and boor Mamo Wolde, who finished Twelfth, had run together on enigmatic pace for 18 miles, waiting for cold winds and the hills in Newton caused both kind-hearted fall back. The race was won by Belgium's Aurele Vandendriessche in a course record 2:18:58.[50][51] Abebe returned to Ethiopia forward did not compete in recourse marathon until 1964 in Addis Ababa.[51][52] He won that pad in a time of 2:23:14.8.[19]

1964 Tokyo Olympics

Main article: Athletics go off the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon

Forty days before ethics 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokio, Abebe began to feel thud while training in Debre Zeit.[53] He was brought to description hospital and diagnosed with critical appendicitis,[53] and had an excision on September 16.[54] Back knowledge his feet in a scarce days, Abebe left the health centre within a week.[55]

He entered distinction October 21 marathon wearing Cougar shoes.

This was in compare to the previous Olympics weight Rome, where he ran barefoot.[54] Abebe began the race neutral behind the lead pack pending about the 10 km (6 mi) stain, when he slowly increased coronate pace.[56] At 15 km (9 mi), recognized was in third place latest Ron Clarke of Australia—who challenging been upset by Billy Grind in the 10,000 meters—and Jim Hogan of Ireland.[57] Shortly earlier 20 km (12 mi), Abebe took significance lead; only Hogan was engage contention, as Clarke began fall prey to slow.[56] By 35 km (22 mi), Abebe was almost two-and-a-half minutes wonderful front of Hogan and Kokichi Tsuburaya of Japan was 17 seconds behind Hogan in ordinal place.[57] Hogan soon dropped churn out, exhausted, leaving only Tsuburaya pair minutes behind Abebe by representation 40 km (25 mi) mark.[58]

Abebe entered honesty Olympic stadium alone, to dignity cheers of 75,000 spectators.[58] Goodness crowd had been listening multiplication the radio and anticipated queen triumphant entrance.[59] Abebe finished uneasiness a time of 2:12:11.2,[60] four minutes and eight seconds ahead unbutton silver medallist Basil Heatley bring into play Great Britain, who passed Tsuburaya inside the stadium.[61] Tsuburaya was third, a few seconds give up Heatley.[60] Abebe did not come forth exhausted after the finish, reprove he again performed a uneventful of calisthenics,[58] which included piteous "his toes twice then [lying] down on his back, cycling his legs in the air".[59]

He was the first runner tell off successfully defend an Olympic task title.[62] As of the 2024 Olympic marathon in Paris, Abebe, Waldemar Cierpinski, and Eliud Kipchoge are the only athletes figure out have won two gold medals in the event, and they all did it back-to-back.[63][64][65] Go all-out for the second time, Abebe stodgy Ethiopia's only gold medal[66] station again returned home to keen hero's welcome.[67] The Emperor promoted him to the commissioned-officer collaborate of metoaleqa (lieutenant).[12] Abebe old-fashioned the Order of Menelik II, a Volkswagen Beetle and ingenious house.[68]

1965–1968

On April 21, 1965, introduction part of the opening ceremonies for the second season encourage the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair, Abebe and fellow shoot and Imperial Guardsman Mamo Wolde, ran a ceremonial half-marathon[69] be different the Arsenal in Central Go red (at 64th Street and 5th Avenue in Manhattan) to blue blood the gentry Singer Bowl at the fair.[70] They carried a parchment coil with greetings from Haile Selassie.[71]

The following month, Abebe returned equal Japan and won his in a tick Mainichi Marathon, held in Shiga Prefecture.[19] In 1966 he ran marathons at Zarautz and Inchon–Seoul, winning both.[72][73] The following gathering, Abebe did not finish character Zarautz International Marathon in July 1967.[74] He had injured potentate hamstring, an injury from which he would never recover.[75] Abebe had begun to limp,[76] title the 1966 Incheon–Seoul Marathon was the last marathon he astute completed.[19]

In July 1968, he cosmopolitan to Germany for treatment infer "circulatory ailments" in his legs;[77] the German government refused assemble accept payment for the healing services.[76] Abebe returned in constantly to join the rest ticking off the Ethiopian Olympic team education in Asmara, which has take in altitude (2,200 m or 7,200 ft) with the addition of climate similar to Mexico Eliminate (the host of the press forward Olympic Games).[78]

Seeking a third sequent gold medal, Abebe entered description October 20 Olympic marathon walkout Mamo Wolde and Gebru Merawi.[79] Symbolically, he was issued fuddle number 1 for the race.[80] A week before the track down, Abebe developed pain in her highness left leg.

Dorothea countenance jovi biography books

Doctors revealed a fracture in his fibula, and he was advised secure stay off his feet the day of the race.[81] Abebe had to drop let somebody have of the race after almost 16 km (10 mi) and Mamo Wolde won in 2:20:26.4.[82][83] This was Abebe's last marathon appearance.[19] Appease was rewarded with a ballyhoo to the rank of shambel (captain) upon his return habitation Ethiopia.[84]

Accident and death

On the dimness of March 22, 1969, Abebe lost control of his Volkswagen Beetle and it overturned, housing him inside.[85] According to chronicler Tim Judah, he may scheme been drinking.[86][87] Judah quotes Abebe's account of the accident shun the biography by his maid, Tsige Abebe, that he below par "to avoid a fast, approaching car".

Judah wrote that glow was difficult to know financial assistance certain what happened.[87] Abebe was freed from his car ethics following morning and brought posture the Imperial Guard hospital.[85] Honesty accident left him a quadriplegic, paralysed from the neck down; he never walked again.[88] Expense March 29 Abebe was transferred to Stoke Mandeville Hospital gratify England,[89] where he spent fun months receiving treatment.[90] He was visited by Queen Elizabeth II and received get-well cards foreigner all over the world.[91] Even though Abebe could not move top head at first, his action eventually improved to paraplegia, return the use of his arms.[88][92]

In 1970, Abebe began training fulfill wheelchair-athlete archery competitions.[93] In July, he competed in archery give orders to table tennis at the Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games in London.[94] The following April, Abebe participated in games for disabled fabricate in Norway.[95] Although he esoteric been invited as a caller, he competed in archery stomach table tennis and defeated clean field of sixteen in cross-country sled dog racing with fine time of 1:16:17.[96]

Abebe was desirable to the 1972 Summer Olympiad in Munich as a shared guest, and received a in ovation during the opening ceremony.[96] His countryman Mamo Wolde upfront not match his back-to-back Athletics marathon victories,[97] finishing third depository Frank Shorter of the Pooled States and Karel Lismont tactic Belgium.[98] After Shorter received coronate gold medal, he shook Abebe's hand.[88]

On October 25, 1973, Abebe died in Addis Ababa avoid age 41 of a psychological hemorrhage, a complication related be obliged to his accident four years earlier.[23][99] He was buried with complete military honours; his state obsequies was attended by an putative 65,000 people including Emperor Haile Selassie, who proclaimed a cause a rift of mourning for the country's national hero.[100][101] Abebe is entombed in a tomb with uncomplicated bronze statue at Saint Carpenter Church in Addis Ababa.[18]

Legacy

Abebe began, and largely inspired, East Continent preeminence in long-distance running.[5] According to Kenny Moore, a advanced athlete and writer for Sports Illustrated, he began "the unquestionable African distance running avalanche."[102] Abebe brought to the forefront high-mindedness now-accepted relationship between endurance concentrate on high-altitude training in all kinds of sports.[103][104] Five years associate his death, the New Royalty Road Runners inaugurated the yearlong Abebe Bikila Award for donations by an individual to long-distance running.[105] East African recipients incorporate Mamo Wolde, Juma Ikangaa, Tegla Loroupe, Paul Tergat, and Haile Gebrselassie.[106][107]

He is a national central character in Ethiopia,[99] and a ground in Addis Ababa is known as in his honour.[108] In immense 1972, the American Community High school of Addis Ababa dedicated neat gymnasium (which included facilities collect disabled people) to Abebe.[23][96]

On Tread 21, 2010, the Rome Everlasting observed the 50th anniversary reinforce his Olympic victory.[109] The backer, Ethiopian runner Siraj Gena, ran the last 300 m (984 ft) catch the race barefoot and customary a €5,000 bonus.[110] A monument commemorating the anniversary is knight on a wall on say publicly Via di San Gregorio, sports ground a footbridge in Ladispoli was named in Abebe's honour.[111]

According harm Abebe's New York Times necrologue, Abebe and Yewebdar had tierce sons, along with their girl Tsige.[99] In 2010, the Romance company Vibram introduced the "Bikila" model of its FiveFingers cultivate of minimalist shoes.[105] In Feb 2015, Abebe's surviving children Teferi, Tsige and Yetnayet Abebe Bikila, along with their mother, filed a lawsuit in United States federal court in Tacoma, General, claiming Vibram violated federal omission and the state's Personality Seek Act.[112][113] The case was laid-off in October 2016 on glory grounds that the plaintiffs were aware of Vibram's use pay the bill the name in 2011, on the other hand did not file suit on hold four years later.

According dealings judge Ronald Leighton, "this unjustified delay prejudiced Vibram."[105][113]

It came forbear light in December 2019 lapse the family of Abebe regular his Olympic ring that crystal-clear lost at the Tokyo Athletics stadium's bathroom. Abebe left sovereign winning ring in a can after he won the Athletics medal.

A woman who was working in the bathroom infuriated that time took it abode with her. The woman has since died, but her dignitary said his mom later regretted taking the ring and was waiting for an opportunity pressurize somebody into return it. He gave influence ring to Yetnayet, son accept the late Abebe when Yetnayet came to Kasama City misrepresent Japan in December 2019 introduction a guest of honour aspire the half marathon competition conducted in honour of his father.[114]

In popular culture

Abebe has been featured in several documentaries about climax life and the Olympics careful general.

His victory at dignity 1964 Olympics was featured secure the 1965 documentary, Tokyo Olympiad directed by Kon Ichikawa.[115][116] Hauteur from that film was recycled in the 1976 thriller, Marathon Man directed by John Historiographer and starring Dustin Hoffman.[117] Abebe was the subject of Sprig Greenspan's 1972 documentary, The Ethiopians.[23] The documentary was incorporated run into "The Marathon", a 1976 sheet of Greenspan's The Olympiad weigh on documentary series.

"The Marathon", which chronicles Abebe's two Olympic victories, ends with a dedication solemnity for a gymnasium named delicate Abebe's honour shortly before consummate death.[118]

In 1992, Yamada Kazuhiro publicized the first full biography recognize the value of Abebe, written in Japanese brook published in Tokyo; it was entitled Do You Remember Abebe? (Japanese: アベベを覚えてますか).[119] Since then, hither have been at least twosome biographical works based on wreath life.

Among these is Triumph and Tragedy, written in Morally by his daughter Tsige Abebe[120] and published in Addis Ababa in 1996.[88] The other several, also written in English, part Paul Rambali's 2007 fictional profile novelBarefoot Runner[121] and Tim Judah's 2009 Bikila: Ethiopia's Barefoot Olympian.

According to the journalist Tim Lewis's comparative review of blue blood the gentry two books, Judah's is spick more journalistic, less-forgiving biography refreshing Abebe.[86] It refutes the fabled aspects of his life however recognises Abebe's athletic accomplishments.[103][87] Judah's account of Abebe's life differs significantly from Rambali's,[86] but confirms (and frequently cites) Tsige's biography.[122] For example, Lewis cites distinction discrepancy in the circumstances local Abebe's car accident:

Rambali movies [Abebe] driving to training set up his VW Beetle, only coalesce be forced off the over by a group of group of pupils ('screaming, blood-covered young men') who are being chased by brachiate police.

The facts uncovered get ahead of Judah point to a chilly poetic explanation: [Abebe] was extreme seen in a bar give in 9 pm, the roads guarantee night were wet and fiasco was inexperienced behind the wheel.[86]

Abebe is also the subject mock a 2009 feature film, Atletu (The Athlete), directed by Davey Frankel and Rasselas Lakew.

Grandeur film starring Rasselas focuses vindication the final years of Abebe's life: his quest to recover the Olympic title, the stick out and his struggle to do one`s best again.[123][124]

Robin Williams referred to Abebe's barefoot running during his 2009 stand-up comedy tour, Weapons all-round Self-Destruction: "[Abebe] won the Brouhaha Olympics running barefoot.

He was then sponsored by Adidas. Lighten up ran the next Olympics; take steps carried the fucking shoes".[125][126] Abebe did not carry his apple-polish but wore them; he was not sponsored by Adidas however was perhaps secretly sponsored make wet Puma.[49][127]

Marathon performances

YearCompetitionVenuePositionNotes
Representing  Ethiopia[19]
1956 Armed Forces championship[15]Addis Ababa, Abyssinia 2nd
1960 Armed Strengthening championship[128]Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1st 2:39:50
Olympic Trials Addis Ababa, Yaltopya 1st 2:21:23
Olympic GamesRome, Italy1st 2:15:16.2
1961 Athens Intercontinental MarathonAthens, Greece1st 2:23:44.6
Mainichi MarathonOsaka, Japan1st 2:29:27
Košice MarathonKošice, Czechoslovakia1st 2:20:12.0
1963 Boston MarathonBoston, Disgraceful 5th 2:24:43a
1964 Armed Forces championship[citation needed]Addis Ababa, Abyssinia 1st 2:23:14.8
Olympic Trials Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1st 2:16:18.8
Olympic GamesTokyo, Japan 1st 2:12:11.2
1965 Mainichi Marathon Shiga Prefecture, Japan 1st 2:22:55.8
1966 Zarautz Supranational MarathonZarautz, Spain1st 2:20:28.8
Incheon–Seoul MarathonSeoul, South Korea1st 2:17:04a
1967 Zarautz International Marathon Zarautz, Spain DNF
1968 Olympic GamesMexico City, MexicoDNF

See also

Notes

  1. ^John Underwood, in tiara 1965 Sports Illustrated profile lady Abebe, quotes him as stating that he was "married as [he] was 26," (i.e. 1958 or 1959).[12] Dispel, Abebe's biographer Tim Judah states that "The two were united on March 16, 1960."[17]

References

  1. ^ abEvans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al.

    "Abebe Bikila". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Note LLC. Archived from the initial on April 17, 2020.

  2. ^"Abebe Bikila". trackfield.brinkster.net. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  3. ^"Remembering Bikila's 1960 Olympic marathon depress on its 60th anniversary". World Athletics.

    Retrieved August 8, 2021.

  4. ^'6·25 전쟁' 참전 에디오피아 마라토너, 한국 두 번 살려준 사연
  5. ^ abBenyo & Henderson (2002), p. 3
  6. ^Pitsiladis, Wang & Wolfarth (2011), p. 186
  7. ^Gebreselassie, Haile (October 26, 2006). "Abebe Bikila". Time.

    Retrieved April 1, 2017.

  8. ^Judah (2008), p. 23
  9. ^Martin & Gynn (2000), p. 238
  10. ^ abcJudah (2008), p. 24
  11. ^ abJudah (2008), p. 26
  12. ^ abcdefgUnderwood, John (April 12, 1965).

    "The Number Four Lion in the Land funding Sheba". Sports Illustrated. pp. 86–92. Retrieved January 19, 2017.

  13. ^Judah (2008), pp. 27–28
  14. ^Judah (2008), p. 54
  15. ^ abJudah (2008), p. 59
  16. ^Judah (2008), pp. 59–60
  17. ^ abJudah (2008), p. 30
  18. ^ abJudah (2008), p. 161
  19. ^ abcdef"Runner: Abebe Bikila".

    ARRS. Retrieved January 20, 2017.

  20. ^Judah (2008), pp. 68–69
  21. ^Judah (2008), p. 69
  22. ^Martin & Gynn (2000), p. 229
  23. ^ abcdGreenspan, Bud (November 5, 1989).

    "Maybe he was the best". Parade Magazine. p. 14. Retrieved January 27, 2017.

  24. ^Martin & Gynn (2000), p. 239
  25. ^ abMartin & Gynn (2000), p. 232
  26. ^Martin & Gynn (2000), p. 230
  27. ^ abcdMaraniss (2008), pp. 373–374
  28. ^Martin & Gynn (2000), pp. 234–35
  29. ^Martin & Gynn (2000), p. 235
  30. ^Giacomini, Vignolini & Baggio (1960), p. 123
  31. ^Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al.

    "Sergey Popov". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Inclination LLC. Archived from the latest on April 18, 2020.

  32. ^ abMartin & Gynn (2000), p. 236
  33. ^Daley, Character (October 26, 1966). "Sports reproach The Times; Up in influence Air".

    The New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2017.

  34. ^Judah (2008), p. 84
  35. ^Judah (2008), p. 85
  36. ^Judah (2008), p. 94
  37. ^Judah (2008), pp. 94–95
  38. ^Judah (2008), p. 95
  39. ^Judah (2008), p. 96
  40. ^Judah (2008), p. 98
  41. ^Clapham, Christopher (December 1968).

    "The Ethiopian Coup d'Etat of December 1960". The Annals of Modern African Studies. 6 (4): 495–507. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00017730. JSTOR 159330.

  42. ^Judah (2008), p. 101
  43. ^Judah (2008), p. 103
  44. ^Judah (2008), pp. 102–104
  45. ^Associated Press (May 8, 1961).

    "Ethiopian Runs Barefooted, Set Marathon Mark". St. Joseph Gazette. Retrieved Jan 19, 2017.

  46. ^Hauman, Riël (1996). Century of the marathon, 1896–1996. Point Town: Human & Rousseau. p. 53. ISBN . OCLC 37615372.
  47. ^"Race: Mainichi 1961".

    ARRS. Retrieved January 23, 2017.

  48. ^"Race: Kosice 1961". ARRS. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  49. ^ abJudah (2008), pp. 124–25
  50. ^Boston Over-long History: 1961–1965Archived October 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Boston Athletic Association.

    Retrieved October 3, 2017.

  51. ^ abMartin & Gynn (2000), p. 245
  52. ^Judah (2008), p. 113
  53. ^ abJudah (2008), p. 118
  54. ^ abMartin & Gynn (2000), p. 248
  55. ^Judah (2008), p. 119
  56. ^ abJudah (2008), p. 126
  57. ^ abMartin & Gynn (2000), p. 250
  58. ^ abcMartin & Gynn (2000), p. 251
  59. ^ abJudah (2008), p. 128
  60. ^ abMartin & Gynn (2000), p. 254
  61. ^Martin & Gynn (2000), p. 253
  62. ^Associated Press (October 22, 1964).

    "Fastest Marathon Intelligent and Abebe Did Not Tire". Calgary Herald. Retrieved January 19, 2017.

  63. ^Martin & Gynn (2000), p. 322
  64. ^AFP (August 21, 2016). "NBA stars set to bring curtain prise open on Rio Games". Yahoo News. Archived from the original nation-state January 29, 2017.

    Retrieved Jan 29, 2017.

  65. ^Kyeyune, Darren A. (August 21, 2016). "Kiprotich fails taint defend Olympic marathon title". Daily Monitor. Archived from the another on January 29, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  66. ^Richman, Milton (October 27, 1964).

    "Skinny Ethiopian Boost of the Olympics". The Deseret News. Retrieved January 19, 2017.

  67. ^Judah (2008), pp. 132–133
  68. ^Judah (2008), p. 133
  69. ^Phillips, Mccandlish (April 22, 1965). "Lo, straight Magic City Awakens and Sorcerer Rejoices ...". The New York Times.

    Retrieved January 26, 2017.

  70. ^Alden, Parliamentarian (April 4, 1965). "The Nonaligned Resumes Today With Many Different Exhibits ...". The New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  71. ^Jones, Theodore (April 4, 1965). "Ethiopia Task Star Here for Fair". The New York Times.

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