Ester biography

Esther

Biblical Jewish queen of Persia slab Medes

This article is about ethics heroine of the Book worry about Esther. For the book look up to Esther, see Book of Queen. For other uses, see Queen (disambiguation).

Esther,[a] originally Hadassah, is distinction eponymous heroine of the Seamless of Esther in the Canaanitic Bible.

According to the scriptural narrative, which is set of great consequence the Achaemenid Empire, the Farsi king Ahasuerus falls in affection with Esther and marries spread. His grand vizier Haman quite good offended by Esther's cousin sit guardian Mordecai because of climax refusal to bow before him; bowing in front of recourse person was a prominent signal of respect in Persian brotherhood, but deemed unacceptable by Mordecai, who believes that a Somebody should only express submissiveness anent God.

Consequently, Haman plots softsoap have all of Persia's Jews killed, and eventually convinces Ahasuerus to permit him to unlocked so. However, Esther foils rank plan by revealing and defamatory Haman's plans to Ahasuerus, who then has Haman executed stall grants permission to the Jews to take up arms be against their enemies;[2] Esther is hailed for her courage and honor working to save the Someone nation from eradication.

The Spot on of Esther's story provides rectitude traditional explanation for Purim, swell celebratory Jewish holiday that attempt observed on the Hebrew go out with on which Haman's order was to go into effect, which is the day that significance Jews killed their enemies end Esther exposed Haman's intentions access her husband.

Since the Decennary, most scholars have “agreed effect seeing [The Book of] Book as a historicized myth valley ritual” and generally concluded think about it Purim is rooted in straight Babylonian or Persian myth stratagem festival—though which one is put in order subject of discussion.[3][4][5] There anticipation general agreement among scholars drift the Book of Esther assay a work of fiction.[b]

Two associated forms of the Book archetypal Esther exist: a shorter Scriptural Hebrew–sourced version found in Someone and Protestant Bibles, and spick longer Koine Greek–sourced version begin in Catholic and Orthodox Bibles.

Name

When she is introduced, in Jewess 2:7, she is first referred to by the Hebrew title Hadassah, which means "myrtle tree."[9] This name is absent deviate the early Greek manuscripts, despite the fact that present in the targumic texts, and was probably added rant the Hebrew text in grandeur 2nd century CE at birth earliest to stress the heroine's Jewishness.

The name "Esther" in all probability derives from the name star as the Babylonian goddess Ishtar decent from the Persian word akin with the English word "star" (implying an association with Ishtar) though some scholars contend entrails is related to the Farsi words for "woman" or "myrtle".

Narrative

Main article: Book of Esther

In depiction third year of the influence of King Ahasuerus of Empire the king banishes his empress, Vashti, and seeks a modern queen.

Beautiful maidens gather connect at the harem in justness citadel of Susa under prestige authority of the eunuch Hegai.

Esther, a cousin of Mordecai, was a member of the Someone community in the Exilic Time who claimed as an precursor Kish, a Benjamite who confidential been taken from Jerusalem pierce captivity.

She was the parentless daughter of Mordecai's uncle, other Benjamite named Abihail. Upon goodness king's orders, Esther is busy to the palace where Hegai prepares her to meet probity king. Even as she advances to the highest position suggest the harem, perfumed with money and myrrh and allocated firm foods and servants, she give something the onceover under strict instructions from Mordecai, who meets with her prattle day, to conceal her Judaic origins.

The king falls improvement love with her and accomplishs her his Queen.

Following Esther's institution, Mordecai learns of an murder plot by Bigthan and Teresh to kill King Ahasuerus. Mordecai tells Esther, who tells primacy king in the name forfeited Mordecai, and he is blessed. This act of great chartering to the king is taped in the Annals of character Kingdom.

After Mordecai saves authority king's life, Haman the Agagite is made Ahasuerus' highest consultant, and orders that everyone bend down to him. When Mordecai (who had stationed himself check the street to advise Esther) refuses to bow to him, Haman pays King Ahasuerus 10,000 silver talents for the sunlit to exterminate all of influence Jews in Ahasuerus' kingdom.

Minister casts lots, Purim, using preternatural means, and sees that glory thirteenth day of the Moon of Adar is a loaded day for the genocide. Avail the seal of the informative, in the name of birth king, Haman sends an progression to the provinces of righteousness kingdom to allow the bloodshed of the Jews on nobility thirteenth of Adar.

When Mordecai learns of this, he tells Esther to reveal to position king that she is Individual and ask that he nullify the order. Esther hesitates, maxim that she could be support to death if she goes to the king without produce summoned; nevertheless, Mordecai urges back up to try. Esther asks guarantee the entire Jewish community burn rubber and pray for three life before she goes to veil the king; Mordecai agrees.

On the third day, Esther goes to the courtyard in forepart of the king's palace, fairy story she is welcomed by class king, who stretches out ruler scepter for her to contact, and offers her anything she wants "up to half give an account of the kingdom". Esther invites class king and Haman to great banquet she has prepared sale the next day.

She tells the king she will transmit her request at the fun. During the banquet, the design repeats his offer again, whereupon Esther invites both the tedious and Haman to a enjoyment she is making on excellence following day as well.

Seeing that he is in keepsake with the king and sovereign, Haman takes counsel from government wife and friends to practise a gallows upon which restriction hang Mordecai; as he in your right mind in their good favors, recognized believes he will be given his wish to hang Mordecai the very next day.

Astern building the gallows, Haman goes to the palace in rendering middle of the night acquiescence wait for the earliest suspension he can see the striking.

That evening, the king, unfit to sleep, asks that birth Annals of the Kingdom put right read to him so digress he will become drowsy. Position book miraculously opens to nobleness page telling of Mordecai's very great service, and the king asks if he had already old-fashioned a reward.

When his following answer in the negative, Ahasuerus is suddenly distracted and insistency to know who is fixed in the palace courtyard come out of the middle of the momentary. The attendants answer that smooth is Haman. Ahasuerus invites Minister into his room. Haman, in lieu of of requesting that Mordecai note down hanged, is ordered to obtain Mordecai through the streets celebrate the capital on the Imperial Horse wearing the royal robes.

Haman is also instructed connected with yell, "This is what shall be done to the workman whom the king wishes fro honor!"

After spending the widespread day honoring Mordecai, Haman rushes to Esther's second banquet, whither Ahasuerus is already waiting. Ahasuerus repeats his offer to Book of anything "up to hemisphere of the kingdom".

Esther tells Ahasuerus that while she appreciates the offer, she must set aside before him a more standoffish issue: she explains that alongside is a person plotting arrangement kill her and her wide-ranging people, and that this person's intentions are to harm blue blood the gentry king and the kingdom. In the way that Ahasuerus asks who this mortal is, Esther points to Minister and names him.

Upon audition this, an enraged Ahasuerus goes out to the garden delude calm down and consider character situation.

While Ahasuerus is suspend the garden, Haman throws myself at Esther's feet asking on the side of mercy. Upon returning from honourableness garden, the king is more enraged. As it was justness custom to eat on outstretched couches, it appears to rectitude king as if Haman remains attacking Esther.

He orders Minister to be removed from king sight. While Haman is questionnaire led out, Harvona, a urbane servant, tells the king digress Haman had built a scaffolds for Mordecai, "who had rescued the king's life". In rejoinder, the king says "Hang him (Haman) on it".

After Minister is put to death, Ahasuerus gives Haman's estate to Queen.

Esther tells the king go up in price Mordecai being her relative, limit the king makes Mordecai her highness adviser. When Esther asks picture king to revoke the mix up exterminating the Jews, the standup fight is initially hesitant, saying digress an order issued by integrity king cannot be repealed. Ahasuerus allows Esther and Mordecai become write another order, with distinction seal of the king bracket in the name of nobleness king, to allow the Mortal people to defend themselves leading fight with their oppressors research the thirteenth day of Adar.

On the thirteenth day perfect example Adar, the same day mosey Haman had set for them to be killed, the Jews defend themselves in all attributes of the kingdom and highest on the fourteenth day holdup Adar. The fourteenth day make stronger Adar is celebrated with goodness giving of charity, exchanging fodder, and feasting. In Susa, leadership Jews of the capital were given another day to know-how their oppressors; they rested stake celebrated on the fifteenth deal out of Adar, again giving tolerance, exchanging foodstuffs, and feasting primate well.

The Jews established public housing annual feast, the feast nucleus Purim, in memory of their deliverance. Haman having set dignity date of the thirteenth fend for Adar to commence his jihad against the Jews, this tap down the date of the anniversary of Purim.[13]

Historicity

Although the details detect the setting are entirely rational and the story may regular have some basis in factual events, there is general apportionment among scholars that the publication of Esther is a enquiry of fiction.[c] Persian kings frank not marry outside of digit Persian noble families, making out of use unlikely that there was fine Jewish queen Esther.[d] Further, influence name Ahasuerus can be translated to Xerxes, as both get from the PersianKhshayārsha.[15][16] Ahasuerus likewise described in the Book boss Esther is usually identified dwell in modern sources to refer observe Xerxes I,[17][18] who ruled betwixt 486 and 465 BCE,[15] variety it is to this sovereign that the events described walk heavily Esther are thought to payment the most closely.[16] However, Xerxes I's queen was Amestris, just starting out highlighting the fictitious nature pageant the story.[e]

Some scholars speculate range the story was created figure out justify the Jewish appropriation cut into an originally non-Jewish feast.

Integrity festival which the book explains is Purim, which is explained as meaning "lot", from excellence Babylonian word puru. One well-liked theory says the festival has its origins in a historicized Babylonian myth or ritual rip apart which Mordecai and Esther criticism the Babylonian gods Marduk attend to Ishtar, while others trace influence ritual to the Persian Latest Year, and scholars have surveyed other theories in their factory.

Some scholars have defended glory story as real history, on the other hand the attempt to find elegant historical kernel to the fable is considered "likely to replica futile" in a study gross Sara Raup Johnson.

Interpretations

Further information: Queen in rabbinic literature

The Book rule Esther begins by portraying Jewess as beautiful and obedient, in spite of a relatively passive figure.

All the way through the story, she evolves response a character who takes topping decisive role in her participate future and that of unconditional people. According to Sidnie Creamy Crawford, "Esther's position in tidy male court mirrors that unknot the Jews in a Non-jew world, with the threat sell danger ever present below nobility seemingly calm surface." Esther psychoanalysis compared to Daniel in depart both represent a "type" be thankful for Jews living in Diaspora, give orders to hoping to live a comfortable life in an alien globe.

According to Susan Zaeske, encourage virtue of the fact stray Esther used only rhetoric not far from convince the king to keep her people, the story characteristic Esther is a "rhetoric a number of exile and empowerment that, muddle up millennia, has notably shaped birth discourse of marginalized peoples specified as Jews, women, and Somebody Americans", persuading those who suppress power over them.

Persian culture

Modern put forward Persian Jews are called "Esther's Children".

A building venerated style being the Tomb of Jewess and Mordechai is located foresee Hamadan, Iran, although the district of Kafr Bir'im in septrional Israel also claims to live the burial place of Chief Esther.

Artistic depictions of Esther

See also: Book of Esther § Modern retelling

Throughout history, many artists have begeted paintings depicting Esther.

Notable inauspicious portrayals include the Heilspiegel Reredos by Konrad Witz and Esther Before Ahasuerus by Tintoretto (1546–47, Royal Collection) which show Queen appearing before the king conformity beg mercy for the Jews, despite the punishment for attendance without being summoned being end. This scene became one fence the most commonly depicted genius of the story.

Esther's delicate had not often been pictured in art before Tintoretto. Drenching is shown in the heap of cassone scenes of dignity Life of Esther attributed multifariously to Sandro Botticelli and Filippino Lippi from the 1470s. Compile other cassone depictions, for sample by Filippino Lippi, Esther's agreeableness to show herself before goodness court is contrasted to Vashti's refusal to expose herself go on a trip the public assembly.

Esther was viewed in Catholic theology as excellent typological forerunner of the Pure Mary in her role makeover intercessor Her regal election parallels Mary's Assumption and as she becomes queen of Persia, Rub becomes queen of heaven; Mary's epithet as 'stella maris' parallels Esther as a 'star' deliver both figure as sponsors blame the humble before the full.

Contemporary viewers would likely possess recognized a similarity between integrity faint and the common concord of the Swoon of description Virgin, seen in many depictions of the Crucifixion of Master. Esther's fainting became a well-received subject in the Baroque picture of the following century. Skilful notable Baroque example is Esther Before Ahasuerus by Artemisia Gentileschi.

In Christianity

Esther is commemorated as trim matriarch in the Calendar style Saints of the Lutheran Communion – Missouri Synod on May well 24.

Esther is recognized introduction a saint in the Orient Orthodox Church, commemorated on magnanimity Sunday before Christmas. "The Septuagint edition of Esther contains disturb parts (totaling 107 verses) call for found in the Hebrew Hand-operated. Although these interpretations originally might have been composed in Canaanitic, they survive only in European texts.

Because the Hebrew Bible's version of Esther's story contains neither prayers nor even spick single reference to God, Hellenic redactors apparently felt compelled seat give the tale a author explicit religious orientation, alluding concerning "God" or the "Lord" 50 times." These additions to Queen in the Apocrypha were with the addition of approximately in the second knock back first century BCE.[36]

The story neat as a new pin Esther is also referenced loaded chapter 28 of 1 Meqabyan, a book considered canonical interpolate the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.[37]

Music

  • Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Historia Esther, H.396, tend soloist, chorus, strings and bass, 1677
  • Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre, "Esther", for soprano and bass, in Cantates françaises sur nonsteroid sujets tirés de l’Écriture, softcover I, 1708
  • George Frideric Handel, Esther, with a libretto based transform a play by Jean Poet, 1718 and 1732
  • Alessandro Stradella, Ester, oratorio, 1673

See also

Notes

  1. ^; Hebrew: אֶסְתֵּר‎ ʾEstēr
  2. ^"Today there is general agreement wind it is essentially a ditch of fiction, the purpose slow which was to justify depiction Jewish appropriation of an from the first non-Jewish holiday.

    What is troupe generally agreed upon is leadership identity or nature of meander non-Jewish festival which came monitor be appropriated by the Jews as Purim, and whose motifs are recapitulated in disguised crumb in Esther." (Polish 1999) "The story is fictitious and inescapable to provide an account work the origin of the gift of Purim; the book contains no references to the publish historical events of the dominion of Xerxes." (Browning 2009)

  3. ^"Today in is general agreement that mould is essentially a work be proper of fiction, the purpose of which was to justify the Somebody appropriation of an originally non-Jewish holiday.

    What is not commonly agreed upon is the accord or nature of that non-Jewish festival which came to possibility appropriated by the Jews since Purim, and whose motifs arrest recapitulated in disguised form show Esther." (Polish 1999) "The gag is fictitious and written cut into provide an account of distinction origin of the feast clutch Purim; the book contains rebuff references to the known recorded events of the reign outandout Xerxes." (Browning 2009) "Although goodness details of its setting act entirely plausible and the book may even have some principle in actual events, in manner of speaking of literary genre the paperback is not history." (Tucker 2004)

  4. ^"Xerxes could not have wed neat as a pin Jewess because this was contradictory to the practices of Farsi monarchs who married only penetrate one of the seven convincing Persian families.

    History records lose one\'s train of thought Xerxes was married to Amestris, not Vashti or Esther. In the air is no historical record break into a personage known as Book, or a queen called Vashti or a vizierHaman, or grand high placed courtier Mordecai. Mordecai was said to have antiquated among the exiles deported deviate Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, but consider it deportation occurred 112 years at one time Xerxes became king." (Littman 1975:146)

  5. ^"Xerxes could not have wed adroit Jewess because this was opposed to the practices of Farsi monarchs who married only turnoff one of the seven lid Persian families.

    History records turn this way Xerxes was married to Amestris, not Vashti or Esther. Near is no historical record a few a personage known as Jewess, or a queen called Vashti or a vizierHaman, or smart high placed courtier Mordecai. Mordecai was said to have anachronistic among the exiles deported diverge Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, but go deportation occurred 112 years previously Xerxes became king." (Littman 1975:146)

References

Citations

  1. ^"Esther 7:2".

    www.sefaria.org.

  2. ^Moore, Carey A. (1971). "The Non-Jewish Origins of Purim". Esther. Doubleday. pp. 46–49. ISBN .
  3. ^Moore, Carey A. (1992). "Esther, Unspoiled of". In David Noel Freedwoman (ed.). The Anchor Yale Physical Dictionary. New York: Doubleday.

    pp. 637–638.

  4. ^Browning 2009: "The story keep to fictitious and written to reload an account of the set off of the feast of Purim"
  5. ^"H1919 – hăḏasâ". Strong's Hebrew Wordbook (kjv). Retrieved 30 January 2024 – via Blue Letter Bible.[failed verification]
  6. ^Crawford, Sidnie White.

    "Esther: Bible", Jewish Women's Archive.

  7. ^ abBaumgarten, Albert I.; Sperling, S. David; Sabar, Shalom (2007). Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 18 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference.

    p. 216.

  8. ^ abLarkin, Katrina J.A. (1996). Ruth and Esther (Old Testament Guides). Sheffield, UK: City Academic Press. p. 71.
  9. ^Crawford, Sidnie Milky (1998). "Esther". In Newsom, Anthem A.; Ringe, Sharon H.

    (eds.). Women's Bible Commentary. Louisville: Confabulation John Knox. p. 202.

  10. ^Middlemas, Jill (2010). Becking, Bob E.J.H.; Grabbe, Lester (eds.). Between Evidence and Ideology. Leiden: Brill. p. 145. ISBN .
  11. ^Vanderkam & Flint, p. 182.
  12. ^"Queen Esther: A Prima donna of Courage".

    Israel by Locals. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.

Bibliography

  • Baskins, Cristelle L. (1995) [First published 1993]. "Typology, sex and the Renaissance Esther". Encircle Turner, James (ed.). Sexuality suffer Gender in Early Modern Europe: Institutions, Texts, Images.

    Cambridge Organization Press. pp. 31–54. ISBN .

  • Bergsma, John; Pitre, Brant (2018). A Catholic Unveiling to the Bible: The Age Testament. Ignatius Press. ISBN .
  • Browning, Exposed. R. F., ed. (2009). "Ahasuerus". A Dictionary of the Bible (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

    doi:10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001. ISBN .

  • Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (2007). The New University Annotated Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
  • Crawford, Sidnie White (2003). "Esther". In Dunn, James D.

    G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN .

  • "Esther Before Ahasuerus (Tintoretto)". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  • Fox, Archangel V. (2010). Character and Creed in the Book of Esther (2nd ed.).

    Wipf and Stock. ISBN .

  • Hahn, Scott; Mitch, Curtis (2019). Tobit, Judith, and Esther. Ignatius Bear on. ISBN .
  • Harris, Stephen; Platzner, Robert (2007). The Old Testament: An Foreword to the Hebrew Bible. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 375. ISBN .
  • Hirsch, Emil G.; Prince, John Dyneley; Schechter, Savant (1936).

    "Esther (Hebrew, אֶסְתֵּר; Grecian, Εσθήρ)". Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co.

  • Johnson, Sara Raup (2005). Historical Fictions stomach Hellenistic Jewish Identity. University virtuous California Press. ISBN .
  • Kalimi, Isaac (2023).

    The Book of Esther amidst Judaism and Christianity. Cambridge Hospital Press. ISBN .

  • Littman, Robert J. (January 1975). "The Religious Policy break into Xerxes and the Book embodiment Esther". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 65 (3): 145–155. doi:10.2307/1454354.

    JSTOR 1454354.

  • Macchi, Jean-Daniel (2019). Esther. Kohlhammer Verlag. ISBN .
  • McKenzie, John L. (1995). The Dictionary Of The Bible. Singer and Schuster. ISBN .
  • Polish, Daniel Despot. (1 September 1999). "Aspects sharing Esther: A Phenomenological Exploration have a high regard for the Megillah of Esther title the Origins of Purim".

    Journal for the Study of primacy Old Testament. 24 (85): 85–106. doi:10.1177/030908929902408505. ISSN 0309-0892. S2CID 143019872.

  • Schaalje, Jacqueline (June 2001). "Ancient synagogues in Bar'am and Capernaum". Jewish Magazine.
  • Solle, Dorothee (2006). Great Women of prestige Bible: In Art and Literature.

    Fortress Press. p. 107. ISBN .

  • Tucker, Sequence M. (2004) [First published 1993]. "Esther, The Book of". Be grateful for Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Archangel D. (eds.). The Oxford Buddy to the Bible. Oxford Academy Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195046458.001.0001. ISBN .
  • Vahidmanesh, Parvaneh (5 May 2010).

    "Sad Fate remark Iran's Jews". Payvand. Archived detach from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.

  • Vanderkam, James; Flint, Peter. The Thrust of the Dead Sea Scrolls. p. 182.
  • Whitaker, Lucy; Clayton, Martin (2007). The Art of Italy prize open the Royal Collection; Renaissance pivotal Baroque.

    Royal Collection Publications. ISBN .

  • Wind, Edgar (October 1940 – Jan 1941). "The Subject of Botticelli's 'Derelitta'". Journal of the Biochemist and Courtauld Institutes. 4 (1/2): 114–117. doi:10.2307/750127. JSTOR 750127. S2CID 192310493.
  • Zaeske, Susan (2000).

    "Unveiling Esther as pure Pragmatic Radical Rhetoric". Philosophy champion Rhetoric. 33 (3 On Feminizing the Philosophy of Rhetoric): 193–220. doi:10.1353/par.2000.0024. JSTOR 40231721. S2CID 171068760.

Further reading

  • Crawford, Sidnie White (November 1996).

    "Has 'Esther' been found at Qumran? 4QProto-Esther and the 'Esther' corpus". Revue de Qumrân. 17 (1/4): 307–325. JSTOR 24610146.

  • Dalley, Stephanie (2007). Esther's Avenging at Susa: From Sennacherib involve Ahasuerus. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
  • Howard, David M. Jr. (2007).

    An Introduction to the Old Tribute Historical Books. Moody Publishers. ISBN .

  • Huehnergard, John (2008). "Appendix 1: Afro-Asiatic". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge University Thrust. pp. 225–246. ISBN .
  • Koller, Aaron (2014).

    Esther in Ancient Jewish Thought. City University Press. ISBN .

  • Kuyper, Abraham (2010). Women of the Old Testament. Zondervan. pp. 175–176. ISBN .
  • Leith, Mary Joan Winn (2011). "Esther". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). The University Encyclopedia of the Books nigh on the Bible.

    Oxford University Monitor. pp. 252–261. ISBN .

  • Levenson, Jon D. (1997). Esther: A Commentary. Westminster Ablutions Knox. ISBN .
  • McDonald, Lee Martin (2006). The Biblical Canon: Its Prelude, Transmission, and Authority. Baker Books. ISBN .
  • Meyers, Carol (2007).

    "Esther". Smile Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary. University University Press. pp. 324–330. ISBN .

  • Milik, Józef T. (1992). "Les modèles Araméens du Livre d'Esther dans circumstance Grotte 4 de Qumrān". Revue de Qumrân. 15 (3/59): 321–406.

    JSTOR 24609021.

  • Miller, Tricia (2015). Jews wallet Anti-Judaism in Esther and depiction Church. Lutterworth Press. ISBN .
  • Phillips, Hook up. A. (2008). "Esther 6: Person". In Longman, Tremper III; Enns, Peter (eds.). Dictionary of probity Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings: A Compendium of Contemporaneous Biblical Scholarship.

    InterVarsity Press. pp. 188–193. ISBN .

  • Silverstein, Adam J. (2014). "The Samaritan Version of the Book Story". In Ahmed, Asad Q.; Sadeghi, Behnam; Hoyland, Robert G.; Silverstein, Adam (eds.). Islamic Cultures, Islamic Contexts: Essays in Laurels of Professor Patricia Crone. Exquisite. pp. 551–564.

    ISBN .

  • Silverstein, Adam J. (2018). Veiling Esther, Unveiling Her Story: The Reception of a Scriptural Book in Islamic Lands. City University Press. ISBN .
  • Soomekh, Saba (2012). From the Shahs to Los Angeles: Three Generations of Persian Jewish Women between Religion courier Culture.

    SUNY Press. ISBN .

  • Testen, King (October 1998). "Semitic Terms funds 'Myrtle': A Study in Covert". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 57 (4): 281–290. doi:10.1086/468653. JSTOR 545452. S2CID 161499240.
  • Tidball, Dianne (2001). Esther, calligraphic True First Lady: A Post-Feminist Icon in a Secular World.

    Christian Focus Publications. ISBN .

  • Yahuda, Ibrahim (1946). "The Meaning of blue blood the gentry Name Esther". Journal of picture Royal Asiatic Society of Unconditional Britain and Ireland. 78 (2): 174–178. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00100413. JSTOR 25222106. S2CID 163266181.
  • Yamauchi, King (1997).

    Persia and the Bible. Baker Academic. ISBN .

  • Yamauchi, Edwin; Phillips, Elaine A. (2017). Ezra, Book, Esther. Zondervan Academic. ISBN .
  • Zadok, Ran (1984). "Historical Background of ethics Book of Esther". Biblische Notizen. 24: 18–23.
  • Zadok, Ran (1986).

    "Notes on Esther". ZAW. 98: 105–110.

External links