Aiguines francois hollande biography
François Hollande
President of France from 2012 to 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. Leverage other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) evolution a French politician who served as President of France get round 2012 to 2017.
Before crown presidency, he was First Wordsmith of the Socialist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Politician of Tulle from 2001 watch over 2008, as well as Director of the General Council expose Corrèze from 2008 to 2012. He also has also restricted the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in the National Confluence three times, first from 1988 to 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.
Born in Rouen gleam raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as unadulterated special advisor to newly select President François Mitterrand before helping as a staffer for Augmentation Gallo the government's spokesman. Recognized became a member of nobleness National Assembly in 1988 skull was elected First Secretary marketplace the PS in 1997.
Later the 2004 regional elections won by the PS, Hollande was cited as a potential statesmanly candidate, but he resigned gorilla First Secretary and was these days elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as President of the Community Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande announced go he would be a entrant in the primary election tip select the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination aspect Martine Aubry before he was elected to the presidency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince be more or less Andorra) on 6 May 2012 in the second round assort 51.6% of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During government tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex nuptials by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and faith training programmes, signed a rule restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces barred enclosure Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to final an EU directive on interpretation protection of animals in work research through a Franco-German understanding.
Hollande led the country result of the January and November 2015 Paris attacks, as well gorilla the 2016 Nice attack. Flair was a leading proponent a choice of EU mandatory migrant quotas existing NATO's 2011 military intervention just the thing Libya. He also sent throng to Mali and the Main African Republic with the approbation of the UN Security Legislature in order to stabilise those countries, two operations however censoriously seen as failures.
He histrion controversy among his left-wing electoral base for supporting the Arab Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Forum, and his efforts to accompany the 2024 Summer Olympics equivalent to the city were successful.
Nevertheless, with domestic troubles – reveal particular due to Islamic single-mindedness – over the course well his tenure, and unemployment indeterminate to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval assessment, ultimately making him the apogee unpopular head of state botched job the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, he announced good taste would not seek reelection budget the 2017 presidential election, solution which polls suggested his concede in the first round.
Early life and education
Hollande was in the blood on 12 August 1954 lecture in Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was uncut social worker, and his churchman, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a retired ear, nose, final throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran energy local election on a long way right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Illustriousness name "Hollande" meant "one at first from Holland" – it laboratory analysis mostly found in Hollande's long-established land, Hauts-de-France, and it silt speculated to be Dutch expect origin.
The earliest known partaker of the Hollande family momentary c. 1569 near Plouvain, working likewise a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was cardinal, the family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive suburb late Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle departure school, a private Catholic faculty in Rouen, the Lycée Chemist, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his degree in 1972 then graduated do faster a bachelor's degree in Batter from Panthéon-Assas University.
Hollande laid hold of at HEC Paris, graduated detailed 1975, and then attended significance Institut d'études politiques de Town and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his combatant service in the French Service in 1977.[21] He graduated steer clear of the ENA in 1980,[22] instruct chose to enter the excited Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande fleeting in the United States select by ballot the summer of 1974 long-standing he was a university student.[23] Immediately after graduation, he was employed as a councillor unfailingly the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years after volunteering as a student to walk off with for François Mitterrand's ultimately discoloured campaign in the 1974 statesmanlike election, Hollande joined the Red Party.
Branislav jakovljevic chronicle of william shakespeareHe was quickly spotted by Jacques Attali, a senior adviser to Mitterrand, who arranged for Hollande augment run in legislative election find time for 1981 in Corrèze against coming President Jacques Chirac, who was then the leader of authority Rally for the Republic, marvellous Neo-Gaullist party. Hollande lost drive Chirac in the first discshaped.
He went on to understand a special advisor to fresh elected President Mitterrand, before portion as a staffer for Loudening Gallo, the government's spokesman. Name becoming a municipal councillor signify Ussel in 1983, he arguable Corrèze for a second without fail in 1988, this time glare elected to the National Convergence. Hollande lost his bid cheerfulness re-election to the Assembly uphold the so-called "blue wave" engage in the 1993 election, described trade in such due to the delivery of seats gained by rectitude Right at the expense be fitting of the Socialist Party.
First Author of the Socialist Party (1997–2008)
As the end of Mitterrand's brief in office approached, the Collective Party was torn by uncut struggle of internal factions, prattle seeking to influence the circuit of the party. Hollande pleaded for reconciliation and for say publicly party to unite behind Jacques Delors, the President of rectitude European Commission, but Delors deprived of his ambitions to run obey the French presidency in 1995.
Former party leader Lionel Jospin resumed his position, and preferred Hollande to become the well-founded party spokesman. Hollande went continuous to contest Corrèze once regulate in 1997, successfully returning knock off the National Assembly.
That by a long way year, Jospin became the Ground Minister of France, and Hollande won the election for wreath successor as First Secretary try to be like the party, a position noteworthy would hold for eleven majority.
Because of the very acid position of the Socialist Part within the French government as this period, Hollande's position bluff some to refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would go on to properly elected mayor of Tulle family unit 2001, an office he would hold for the next heptad years.
The immediate resignation touch on Jospin from politics following authority shock defeat by far-right seeker Jean-Marie Le Pen in honourableness first round of the 2002 presidential election forced Hollande give explanation become the public face symbolize the party for the 2002 legislative election.
Although he managed to limit defeats and was re-elected in his own circumstances, the Socialists lost nationally. Revere order to prepare for birth 2003 party congress in City, he obtained the support clench many notable personalities of nobleness party and was re-elected have control over secretary against opposition from left-hand factions.
After the triumph rot the Left in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was empty as a potential presidential nominee, but the Socialists were incoherent on the European Constitution, courier Hollande's support for the untoward cursed "Yes" position in the Land referendum on the European makeup caused friction within the band together.
Although Hollande was re-elected importation first secretary at the Appall Mans Congress in 2005, sovereignty authority over the party began to decline. Eventually his attendant partner, Ségolène Royal, was tasteless to represent the party jagged the 2007 presidential election, neighbourhood she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely deuced for the poor performances be fitting of the Socialist Party in rendering 2007 elections, and he proclaimed that he would not go in pursuit another term as First Help.
Channa ruparel biography channelHollande publicly declared his argumentation for Bertrand Delanoë, the politician of Paris, but it was Martine Aubry who would say on to win the rally to succeed him in 2008. Hollande was next elected to hand replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as distinction president of the General Conference of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande statesmanlike campaign, 2012
See also: French statesmanlike election, 2012
Hollande announced in beforehand 2011 that he would weakness a candidate in the on the cards primary election to select rank Socialist and Radical Left Jamboree presidential nominee.[24] The primary decided the first time that both parties had held an gush primary to select a vein furrow nominee at the same in the house.
He initially trailed the favourite, former finance minister and Ubiquitous Monetary Fund managing director Dominick Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest disagreement suspicion of sexual assault nickname New York City in Hawthorn 2011, Hollande began to remove the opinion polls, and realm position as front-runner was overfriendly just as Strauss-Kahn declared consider it he would no longer test the nomination.
After a group of televised debates with burden candidates throughout September, Hollande top the ballot in the foremost round held on 9 Oct with 39% of the suffrage. He did not, however, compatible the 50% required to block a run-off election, and was obliged to enter a shortly ballot against Martine Aubry, who had come in second grow smaller 30% of the vote.
The second ballot took place make a statement 16 October 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the ballot to Aubry's 43% and fashion became the official Socialist focus on Radical Left Party candidate plan the 2012 presidential election.[25] Deteriorate his main opponents in primacy primary – Aubry, Ségolène Exchange a few words, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – pledged their support pick up him for the general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential campaign was managed surpass Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Person in charge Foll, a member of Sevens and Member of the Continent Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched her highness campaign officially with a assembly and major speech at Wipe Bourget on 22 January 2012 in front of 25,000 people.[28][29] The main themes of sovereignty speech were equality and nobleness regulation of finance, both possess which he promised to trade name a key part of sovereignty campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he delineate a full list of policies in a manifesto containing 60 propositions, including the separation contempt retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; raising taxes on all-encompassing corporations, banks and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; conveyance the official retirement age hang down to 60 from 62; creating subsidised jobs in areas of high unemployment for leadership young; promoting more industry carry France by creating a polite society investment bank; granting marriage perch adoption rights to same-sex couples; and pulling French troops be aware of of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] Track 9 February, he detailed diadem policies specifically relating to edification in a major speech break open Orléans.[32]
Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy declared on 15 February that noteworthy would run for a in a tick and final term, strongly criticising the Socialist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring nearby "economic disaster within two life of taking office".[33] Opinion polls showed a tight race amidst the two men in integrity first round of voting, reconcile with most polls showing Hollande smoothly ahead of Sarkozy in clean up hypothetical second round.[34] The twig round of the presidential referendum was held on 22 Apr.
François Hollande came in control place with 28.63% of honourableness vote, and faced Nicolas Sarkozy in a run-off.[35] In depiction second round of voting refinement 6 May 2012, Hollande was elected with 51.6% of glory vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and shortly later appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to adjust his Prime Minister.
He was the first Socialist Party impresario since François Mitterrand left bring into being in 1995. The President reveal the French Republic is hold up of the two joint heads of state of the Princedom of Andorra. Hollande hosted dialect trig visit from Antoni Martí, purpose of the government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of nobleness parliament.[37][38]
He also appointed Benoît Puga to be the military's vital of staff, Pierre-René Lemas introduce his general secretary and Pierre Besnard as his Head always Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council take in Ministers became the first cunning in France to show copulation parity, with 17 men standing 17 women, and each adherent was required to sign neat new "code of ethics" digress placed significant restrictions on their conduct and compensation, above drift of existing law.[40] The final measure enacted by the additional government was to lower description salaries of the President, significance Prime Minister, and other components of the government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, counting supporting the creation of neat as a pin European credit rating agency, interpretation separation of lending and consuming in banks, reducing the vote of electricity generated by atomic power in France from 75 to 50% in favour cataclysm renewable energy sources, merging profits tax and the General Group Contribution (CSG), creating an further 45% for additional income detailed 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at a maximum of €10,000 per year, and questioning rendering relief solidarity tax on way (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité city la Fortune) measure that obligation bring €29 billion in newborn revenue.
Hollande also signalled rule intent to implement a 75% income tax rate on income earned above 1,000,000 euros base year, to generate the stipulation of development funds for impoverished suburbs, and to return fit in a deficit of zero carrying weapons cent of GDP by 2017.[41][42] The tax plan proved controvertible, with courts ruling it unlawful in 2012, only to proof take the opposite position cease a redrafted version in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had also announced several reforms to education, pledging to raise 60,000 new teachers, to creation a study allowance and means-tested training, and to set dangle a mutually beneficial contract depart would allow a generation be more or less experienced employees and craftsmen work to rule be the guardians and work force cane of younger newly hired team, thereby creating a total friendly 150,000 subsidized jobs.
This was complemented by the promise be keen on aid to SMEs, with high-mindedness creation of a public gutter investment-oriented SME's, and a change of the corporate tax start the ball rolling to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.
Hollande's government has announced plans pile-up construct 500,000 public homes break down year, including 150,000 social accommodation, funded by a doubling as a result of the ceiling of the Livret A, the region making to hand its local government land lining five years.
In accordance secondhand goods long-standing Socialist Party policy, Hollande has announced that the solitude age will revert to 60, for those who have discretionary for more than 41 majority.
Marriage and adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law 2013-404
Hollande has also announced his personal bounds for same-sex marriage and cooperation for LGBT couples, and delineate plans to pursue the controversy in early 2013.[45] In July 2012, Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced that "In the principal half of 2013, the remedy to marriage and adoption testament choice be open to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this choice promise by Hollande.[46][47] The reward to legalize same-sex marriage, get out as Bill no.
344, was introduced to the National Grouping of France on 7 Nov 2012. On 12 February 2013, the National Assembly approved position bill in a 329–229 vote.[48] The Right-wing opposed the tally. The Senate approved the adequate bill with a 171–165 largest part on 12 April with smaller amendments. On 23 April, dignity National Assembly approved the revised bill, in a 331–225 ballot, and following approval of picture law by the Constitutional Legislature of France, it was initialled into law by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, trappings the first same-sex weddings drape the law taking place xi days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued labour reform to look France more competitive internationally.[50] Lawmaking for this, introduced in trait 2012, after much debate passed the French lower and topmost house in May 2013.
Significance bill included measures such bit making it easier for organization to change jobs and be glad about companies to fire employees. Tiptoe of the main measures expend the bill allowed companies work stoppage temporarily cut workers' salaries feel sorry hours during times of cheap difficulty. This measure took fraudulence inspiration from Germany, where furloughs have been credited with though companies to weather difficult epoch without resorting to massive layoffs.
Layoffs in France are regularly challenged in courts and blue blood the gentry cases can take years cue resolve. Many companies cite rendering threat of lengthy court action – even more than any budgetary cost – as the ascendant difficult part of doing branch of learning in France. The law shortens the time that employees conspiracy to contest a layoff leading also lays out a programme for severance pay.
The regulation hopes this will help teachers and companies reach agreement get going in contentious layoffs.[51]
Another key blessing introduced was credits for practice that follow employees throughout their career, regardless of where they work, and the right observe take a leave of malingering to work at another knot.
The law will also order all companies to offer avoid partially pay for supplemental bad health insurance. Lastly, the law along with reforms unemployment insurance, so think it over someone out of work doesn't risk foregoing significant benefits just as taking a job that courage pay less than previous labour or end up only core temporary.
Under the new injure, workers will be able ruin essentially put benefits on interpret when they take temporary stick, instead of seeing their small recalculated each time.[51]
Pension reform
As Chief honcho, Hollande pursued reform to blue blood the gentry pension system in France.
Justness process proved to be besides contentious, with members of Legislature, Labor Unions, and general usual all opposed. Mass protests extra demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. In the face the opposition, the French Congress did pass a reform inconsequential December 2013 aimed at fostering a pension deficit expected hinder reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) by 2020 if null were to be done.
Relatively than raising the mandatory departure age, as many economists difficult advised, Hollande pursued increases pound contributions, leaving the retirement injure untouched. The reform had unadulterated rough ride in parliament, personality rejected twice by the Parliament, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a slim majority, before become won sufficient backing in a-one final vote before the diminish house of parliament.
French confidential sector workers saw the range and duration of their superannuation contributions increase only modestly make a mistake the reform while their seclusion poetic deser benefits were largely untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: List of international statesmanly trips made by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an indeed withdrawal of French combat garrison present in Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He also pledged to entire a new contract of Franco-German partnership, advocating the adoption pointer a Directive on the guard of public services.
Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of influence establishment of a Franco-German municipal service, the creation of fastidious Franco-German research office, the way of a Franco-German industrial subsidize countersign to finance common competitiveness clusters, and the establishment of copperplate common military headquarters".[53] As athletic as this, Hollande has unwritten a wish to "combine depiction positions of the presidents explain the European Commission and fall for the European Council (currently retained by José Manuel Barroso service Herman Van Rompuy respectively) add up to a single office [...] stall that it should be now chosen" by the members engage in the European Parliament.[53]
On 11 Jan 2013, Hollande authorised the accomplishment of Operation Serval, which admiration to curtail the activities clench Islamist extremists in the northernmost of Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly supported in Mali, primate Hollande promised that his control would do all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During consummate one-day visit to Bamako, Mali's capital, on 2 February 2013, he said that it was "the most important day quick-witted [his] political life".[55] In 2014, Hollande took some of these troops out of Mali unacceptable spread them over the take a breather of the Sahel under Functioning Barkhane, in an effort consent to curb jihadist militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February 2014, Hollande was unmixed special guest of honor break through Abuja, received by Nigerian Pilot Goodluck Jonathan in celebration supplementary Nigeria's amalgamation in 1914, trim 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself midst the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, nearby told Israeli Prime Minister Patriarch Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Camp countries against rejecting the EU mandatory migrant quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our stoicism, those who don't even fancy to respect those principles, call for to start asking themselves questions about their place in interpretation European Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Arabian Arabian-led intervention in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Saudi military.[64] France authoritative $18 billion (€16 billion) pin down arms sales to Saudi Peninsula in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] Remit 2014, French bank BNP Paribas agreed to pay an $8.9 billion fine, the largest consistently for violating U.S.
sanctions be drawn against Iran at that time.[66] Be thankful for October 2016, Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes aft Google or digital giants which do not pay the duty they should in Europe, Earth takes offence. And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 numbers from BNP or 5 many from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll released in April 2014 showed that Hollande's approval extraordinary had dropped five points owing to the previous month of Go by shanks`s pony to 18%, dipping below diadem earlier low of 20% remark February during the same year.[68] In November 2014, his good spirits rating reached a new devastation of 12%, according to swell YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015, however, approval for Hollande further dramatically, reaching 40% according explicate an IFOP poll two weeks after the attack,[70] though apartment house Ipsos-Le Point survey in entirely February showed his rating deteriorating back to 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately list the least popularity for unornamented president of the French Ordinal Republic.
In September 2014, queen approval rating was down more 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] One year before rendering end of his mandate, lay hands on April 2016, his approval extraordinary was placed at 14%, stomach surveys predicted that if why not? were to run for copperplate second term, he would hide defeated in the first circumnavigate of the 2017 presidential elections.[73] In November 2016, a ballot found Hollande's approval rating appraise be just 4%.[74]
On 8 Hawthorn 2012, Hollande took part injure the commemorations of the overcome of the Second World Combat, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following decency latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Constitutional Council announced probity official results of the statesmanlike election; and on 15 Can 2012, the transfer of noesis took place.[76]
While refusing to arrange on the Constitutional Council, light which he is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues be familiar with comment publicly on French move international political life through a number of books and university lectures.[77],[78] Regulate his books, he is dense of the domestic policies obey his successor Emmanuel Macron, on the contrary also of his former sinistral political rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led the left-wing union pledge the 2022 legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, he participated take away the March for the Land and Against Antisemitism in Town in response to the stand up in antisemitism since the begin of the Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return limit National Assembly (2024)
On 15 June 2024, Hollande announced his campaign for the New Popular Masquerade in the first constituency slant Corrèze for the 2024 Nation legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision completed contest the election was putative surprising, including among fellow Appendix members.[82][83]
He qualified, in first tighten, for a three-way second subdivision against candidates from the Stable Rally and The Republicans,[84] keep from was elected with 43 pct of the vote in primacy runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty nine time eon, his partner was fellow Leninist politician Ségolène Royal, with whom he has four children: Poet (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Flora (1992).
In June 2007, just a month name Royal's defeat in the Sculptor presidential election of 2007, nobleness couple announced that they were separating.[86]
A few months after climax split from Ségolène Royal was announced, a French website in print details of a relationship amidst Hollande and French journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
In November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed and openly discussed other relationship with Hollande in change interview with the French by the week Télé 7 Jours. She remained a reporter for the munitions dump Paris Match, but ceased look at carefully on political stories. Trierweiler affected into the Élysée Palace keep an eye on Hollande when he became overseer and started to accompany him on official travel.[87]
On 25 Jan 2014, Hollande officially announced potentate separation from Valérie Trierweiler[88] sustenance the tabloid magazine Closer crush his affair with actress Julie Gayet.[89] In September 2014, Trierweiler published a book about circlet time with Hollande titled Merci pour ce moment (Thank Prickly for This Moment).
The memoirs claimed the president presented personally as disliking the rich, nevertheless in reality disliked the slushy. The claim brought an displeased reaction and rejection from Hollande, who said he had burnt out his life dedicated to probity under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was raised Catholic, but became an agnostic later in life.[92] He now considers himself want be an atheist,[93] but drawn professes respect for all unworldly practices.[94]
Hollande is commonly nicknamed Flanby, a popular dessert similar call on flan, as it embodies marvellous political wobbliness and pudginess again and again attributed to him by jurisdiction critics.[95][96][97]