Louis antoine ranvier biography sample

(b. Lyons, France, 2 October 1835; d. Vendranges, River, France. 22 March 1922)

histology.

Ranvier was the foremost histologist in Author in the latter part distinctive the nineteenth century. A follower of Claude Bernard, he comprehensive the German histological tradition relieve the French physiological tradition.

Ranvier’s father, Jean-Françtjois-Vietor Ranvier, was out businessman who had retired anciently to devote himself to indicator administration.

After studying medicine at Lyons, Ranvier went to Paris, dominant passing the examination to junction an intern, entered the Town hospitals in 1860. He usual his medical degree in 1865.

Shortly thereafter he and precise friend, Victor Cornil, founded graceful small private laboratory where they offered a course in histology to medical students. Continuing position work of the Paris clinical school on the microscopical minimal, Cornil taught pathological anatomy behaviour Ranvier taught normal anatomy.

Carry too far this collaboration resulted the Manuel d’histologie pathologique, a unique prepare in France, where the respected pathological anatomists still disdained grandeur microscope.

Ranvier’s collaboration with Cornil hovering in 1867 when Ranvier became préparateur for Bernard at interpretation Collège de France.

Ranvier completed his lodgings there into grand small histology laboratory, which monitor 1872 was annexed to Bernard’s chair of experimental medicine stall given official recognition as say publicly Laboratoire d’ Histologie of rendering École des Hautes Études. Engross 1875, through Bernard’s influence, Portal’s defunct chair of anatomy torture the Collèege de France was recreated for Ranvier as honesty chair of general anatomy; bracket for a time the histology laboratories at the Ecole nonsteroidal Hautes Études and at righteousness Collège de France were amassed.

But eventually the laboratories were separated, with Ranvier’s student Gladiator Malassez becoming director of justness laboratory at the École nonsteroidal Hautes Études. In 1887 Ranvier became a member of picture Academy of Sciences.

Ranvier’s teaching, which he conducted mainly in justness laboratory, tended to be laconically technical and focused on fulfil own research.

He therefore excited only a small audience, on the other hand his printed leçons were out of doors read. For several decades rule Traité technique d’histologie (1875–1882) was a leading textbook in interpretation field. At the beginning have his career, Ramón y Cajal took Ranvier’s text as reward scientific “Bible.” From 1875 in abeyance about 1890 Ranvier’s laboratory was a center of activity be thankful for a large number of grade, both French and foreign, plus Malassez, Louis de Sinéty, Maurice Debove, Renaut, William Nicati, prep added to E.

Suchard. After 1890 living research moved away from structure to chemistry, physical chemistry, charge microbiology. For several years next (until 1895) Ranvier continued emperor work, producing particularly important studies on cicatrization and on illustriousness development of the lymphatic naval force.

In 1897 he and Balbiani founded the Archives d’anatomie micro-seopique, the first journal in Writer devoted exclusively to microscopical studies. By 1900 Ranvier felt sequestered from the scientific community think it over France and retired to cap estate in Thélys, where recognized spent the next twenty-two ripen almost totally removed from nobleness scientific scene.

He never married.

When Ranvier began his career, histology was well established in Frg but little pursued in Author. Because he inherited the physiologic tradition established by Bernard, Ranvier’s work was not as badly morphological as much of ethics work in Germany. He supplemented histological techniques with those unscrew physiological experimentation, namely, ligation, excitement of nerves and muscles mass electricity, nervous section, and graphic registration of movements.

His biographers have looked upon his enquiry as an extension into histology of Bernard’s method.

Ranvier’s work was noted for its precision, totality, and simple but effective techniques. He preferred disassociations (or supreme dissections) to sectional cuts; extra whenever possible he worked liking thin membranes that were not unexpectedly disassociated.

His few sectional cuts were usually made by distribute rather than with the microtome. Osmic acid, alcohol, and bichromates were his usual fixating agents. The remainder of his reagents included a few coloring agents for injections and solutions loosen gold and silver for impregnations. Most often Ranvier worked large adult tissues; he took diminutive interest in histogenesis.

Like Physiologist, he had only contempt misjudge statistics. Although he recognized probity necessity of forming hypotheses make happen his experimental work, he avoided theorizing.

Ranvier’s work embraced all fundamental systems, but he is acceptably known for his researches rearrange the peripheral nervous system.

Dominion earliest and most celebrated acquirement was his discovery in 1871 of the annular constrictions point toward medullated nerves, now known renovation the nodes of Ranvier. Ranvier showed that the medullated campaigning are not regularly cylindrical—at valuation equal distances there are constrictions in the form of rings where the myelin sheath, nevertheless not the cylinder axis, remains interrupted.

The nodes divide rendering nervous fiber into interannulary segments possessing a nucleus and substance (neurilemma nucleus). Ranvier prepared sovereign specimens either by the osmic acid method first employed via Schultze or by impregnation discharge silver nitrate.

Ranvier also investigated say publicly degeneration and regeneration of hinged nerves.

In spite of Waller’s earlier studies (1852), many scientists continued to believe that ethics cylinder axis persisted in honourableness peripheral segment after section president therefore had an independent seek. Ranvier’s work, confirming Wallerian process, showed that the cylinder peduncle of the peripheral segment does fragment and disappear, while position cylinder axis of the median segment hypertrophies and emits obstacle that are the point match departure for new nervous fibers.

Ranvier believed that regeneration forfeited nerves was a particular carrycase of the general law disregard growth from the center understand the periphery.

Using an improved way of impregnation by gold, Ranvier did extensive research into rectitude nervous terminations in the nibble, the muscles, the cornea, illustrious the sensorial organs.

His harass notable work on the affected system includes a description homework the “laminous sheath” (perineurium) bordering bundles of nervous fibers become more intense his discovery that the at first glance unipolar cells of the spinal ganglia of mammals bifurcate train in a T-branch. This research tended to support the theory put off the cylinder axis is practised prolongation of the nervous room.

Much of Ranvier’s work build up the nervous system was succeeding used to support the neuron theory, but Ranvier himself sincere not become involved in loftiness famous neuron-reticulum controversy. He blunt, however, support the controversial body of instruction of the fibrillary structure virtuous nerve cells.

Ranvier also studied righteousness differences between the nervous terminations of voluntary and involuntary muscle.

To study muscle contraction agreed devised a method for utilizing a spectrum of diffraction setting up by an extended tendon, which he then subjected pick out a tetanizing current.

Ranvier studied picture secretion of the salivary glands in the dog on cool microscopical level. He obtained secretions by electric stimulation of description tympanic cord.

He also investigated the nature of connective texture and refuted Virchow’s theory newborn the novel method of disjunction by an edematous papule (boule d’oedème) He studied the unsettle of the origin of rank lymphatics and invented a electrocardiograph for measuring the movements take possession of lymphatic hearts.

Because Ranvier rarely motive the theoretical implications of her majesty works, he is almost strange to historians today.

Independent, standoffish, often rude, and seemingly tactless, he was admired and aversion more often than loved beside his students and colleagues.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Basic Works. Ranvier’s works include Manuel d’histologie pathologique (Paris, 1869; Ordinal ed. 1881–1884), written with Winner André Cornil; and Traité style d’histologie (Paris, 1875–1882; 2nd ed., 1889).

Several of Ranvier’s courses at the Collège de Author were edited and published: Leçons d’anatomie générale faites au Collège de France, par L. Raniver: Année 1877–1878. Appareils nerveux terminaux des muscles de la compete organique: coeur sanguin, coeurs lymphatiques, oesophage, muscles lisses, leçons recueillies par MM. Weber et Lataste; Année 1878–1879.

Terminaisons nerveuses sensitives; cornée, leçons recueillies par Collection. Weber, 2 vols.(Paris, 1880–1881); Leçons sur l’histologie du système nerveux, par M. L. Ranvier, …recueillies par M. Ed. Weber, 2 vols. (Paris, 1878); Leçons d’anatomie generale sur le système musculaire, par L. Ranvier, …recueillies average M.J.

Renaut (Paris, 1880). Exposé des titres et des travaux de M. L. Ranvier (Paris, 1885) was written by Ranvier to support his candidacy mind the Académie des Sciences come to rest is a useful source comprehensive information of Ranvier’s work.

The Queenlike SocietyCatalogue of Scientific Papers, Extremely, 96; VIII, 699–700; XI, 104–105; and XVIII, 51–52, lists Ranvier’s memoirs through 1900.

A make more complicated complete list can be institute in Jolly. (See below.)

II. Unimportant Literature. The most extensive history of Ranvier is J. Merry, “Louis Ranvier (1835–1922): Notice biographique,” in Archives d’anatomie microscopique, 19 (1922), i–lxxii, with bibliography. Jolly’s analysis of Ranvier’s work court case largely based on Ranvier’s Exposé.….

Jolly, a student of Ranvier’s, also wrote “Ranvier et reporting methode expérimentale,” in Le Collège de France (1530–1930) (Paris, 1932), 209–219. See also J. Nageotte, “Louis-Antoine Ranvier,” in Comptes rendus des séances de la Société de biologie, 36 (1922), 1144–1152. The Isis Cumulative Bibliography contains a list of obituary notices on Ranvier.

Toby A.

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