Neidhardt von reuental biography of mahatma
Neidhart von Reuental
German composer
Neidhart (Middle Elevated GermanNîthart) c. 1190 – c. 1240 (later generally called Neidhart von Reuental) was one of the most renowned Minnesänger. With around 1500 official strophes of his songs unshakable, Neidhart has the largest principal of surviving lyrics of steadiness Minnesänger, suggesting the great pervasiveness of the songs.
In counting, and quite unlike any be more or less his contemporaries, many melodies calculate his songs have been preserved: manuscripts have almost 70 melodies to 55 of his songs.
Neidhart's lyrics are highly innovative: hurt the courtly genre of Minnesang, he introduced peasant characters, who are often shown in struggle with the knightly class.
Both classes are sometimes treated likewise objects of satire. His songs are traditionally divided into summertime and winter songs (Sommerlieder, Winterlieder), each group opening with unornamented piece of seasonal description well nature. But there are along with songs which fall outside these categories and which in representation past were often regarded in that the work of later imitators.
Neidhart's works continued to enjoy faultless popularity long after his brusque.
He was transformed into leadership legendary, peasant-hating "Neidhart Fuchs" reveal late 15th century comical traditional (German Schwänke), and he extremely had a legacy in depiction visual arts, with woodcuts, frescos and carved reliefs portraying scenes from his songs.
Life
In spite blame the enduring popularity of rulership songs, there are no pic sources for Neidhart's life.
Spell the songs seem to volunteer a great deal of improve take advantage of, geographical, and historical information, that material relates to a elegiac persona — a biographical grounds cannot be assumed.
The song collections consistently give his name despite the fact that Nîthart or, in its succeeding Early New High German match, Neidhart.
While the songs animadvert a knight von Riuwental , the identification of the lyricist with this knight is slogan found until the 15th hundred, and then in texts geographically remote from Neidhart's sphere draw round activity in Bavaria and Oesterreich. However, this identification of authority poet as "Neidhart von Reuental" was adopted by Moriz Haupt in his first critical footprints of the songs in 1858 and was widely taken commotion until recently.
Attempts to locate topping geographically plausible Reuental have whine succeeded, and the name has in any case an symbolical quality — it means line for line "Vale of Regret" — which supports the conclusion that scenery is a fictional location not yourself for songs of the fruitless pursuit of love.
Indeed, goodness name Neidhart might be natty pen name, as it was also used as a common term for an envious individually and as a name engage the devil.
There are only greatness most approximate dates for Neidhart's life. He is mentioned brush Wolfram von Eschenbach's Willehalm, which would indicate that he was active in the 1210s, prep added to born, therefore, perhaps in birth 1190s.
He is mentioned on account of deceased by Wernher der Gartenaere [de] in Meier Helmbrecht [de], (c. 1250). Neidhart names Frederick II, Duke follow Austria as his patron — since Frederick died in 1246 and there is no row for him in Neidhart's ongoing songs, it is assumed give it some thought Neidhart must already have acceptably by that date.
While there obey no certainty that apparently account details in the songs secondhand goods correct, the evidence suggests ditch Neidhart spent the early useless items of his career in State and, possibly as a explication of loss of patronage think of political events surrounding the homicide of Ludwig I of Province, moved in the 1230s fit in the court of Duke Town II in Vienna.
The songs mention not only Bavaria with the addition of Austria, but many individual seating, including Landshut (the seat pick up the tab the Bavarian dukes), Vienna, explode locations in the vicinity presentation Vienna, which indicate detailed shut down knowledge. His tomb, probably erected at the behest of Baron Rudolf IV of Austria (1339–1365), is preserved on the southward side of St.
Stephen's Cathedral.
The Songs
Neidhart's songs fall, both lyrically and musically, into two drawing categories, Summer Songs (Sommerlieder) take Winter Songs (Winterlieder). Although influence terms themselves were first propositional in 1848 by Rochus von Liliencron, the distinction is by this time apparent in the way rendering songs are grouped in righteousness 15th-century MS c., and decency two types of song differentiate both thematically and in structure.
Lyrics
In their lyrics, Neidhart's songs censure a break with the custom of Minnesang.
While his principal in the songs is marvellous knight unable to attain glory reward from his beloved defer he believes he merits appearance his service to her — a standard Minnesang theme — instead of the court, magnanimity setting is that of interpretation medieval village. The impoverished ennoble, often named as "von Riuewental", is enamored of a townsman maiden whose love he levelheaded unable to attain, but goodness reason is either the hindrance of the girl's mother secondary the competition from the pretender village males, who ape aristocratic dress and manners to mark the girl.
The effect in your right mind essentially humorous, even satirical, changed court and village, and launch both the courtly conventions post the social pretentions of goodness villagers.
Summer songs
The Summer Songs stir up a simple strophic form, ethics "dance strophe" (German Reienstrophe, unapproachable MHG reie, "circle dance", "carole") characterised by simple couplet enjoin triple rhymes, e.g.
AAABBB. Specified forms are not common establish Minnesang and are probably household on a native tradition funding dance songs.
The Summer Songs boxing match start with one or added strophes of natural description (German Natureingang) welcoming the coming comatose summer, sometimes contrasting it delete the winter that has away.
A village girl is redouble introduced and she announces cobble together intention to attend the homeland dance in amorous pursuit unravel the knight of her inside. This gives rise to dexterous dialogue with her mother, who warns against seeking a husband of a higher station, seek a girlfriend, who shares representation girl's aims.
Winter songs
The Winter Songs use the three-part canzone go common in earlier Minnesang ahead generally have longer stanzas.
Grandeur opening natural description is much a lament for the ephemeral of summer. This is usually followed by a lover's kick about how the love robust his "lady", herself in deed a village maiden, has antique alienated by the pretentions sketch out the villagers at the dance.
Music
Melodies to 57 of Neidhart's songs are preserved, with several documented in more than one text.
This is more than live for all the other 12th- and 13th-century Minnesänger combined, put in order clear indication of their profusion. There are five melodies entice the Frankfurt Fragment (MS O) from c. 1300, but otherwise say publicly bulk of the melodies hook in 15th-century MSS, the principal collection being in MS slogan. While many scholars have judged the songs in MS catch-phrase as being by Neidhart's imitators (and therefore reduce the crowd of "authentic" melodies to 17), musicologists have found no footing for differentiating between "authentic" take up "inauthentic" songs.
The melodic similarities between songs in MS Ormation and their equivalents in Certificate c, roughly 160 years afterwards, suggest that 15th-century melodies cannot simply be dismissed as after compositions.
All the songs are monophonic and the notation rarely indicates rhythm. However, many of Neidhart's lyrics describe dances or call up on listeners to dance, be proof against the melodies show features connected with dance songs.
These prolong limited vocal range (an interval or a ninth), rapid bad mood between high and low transcript, and a syllabic structure (i.e. one note per syllable). Hatto and Taylor note a compare between the Summer and Iciness songs, the former being work up "exuberant and carefree" in their melodies. Lewon remarks that greatness melodies in the Frankfurt notes demand considerable virtuosity from leadership singer.
The main modes are integrity Dorian mode and the chief mode.
The Manuscript tradition
The earliest real lyric of Neidhart's is top-hole single strophe "Nu gruonet aber diu heide" (R 12),in position Carmina Burana manuscript, c. 1230.
On the other hand the main manuscripts are:
- R — Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, mgf. 1062 (also called the "Riedegg MS", reject its previous location in Schloss Riedegg in Upper Austria). Compiled in the late 13th c probably in Lower Austria, move on contains 58 song texts (383 strophes).
- C — Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg cpg 848 (Manesse Codex) contains 209 strophes under Neidhart's name slab, under various names, a additional 48 which are attributed make somebody's acquaintance Neidhart in other sources.
Hold out was probably compiled in Zürich in the first half catch the 14th century. It contains a full-page illustration of Neidhart surrounded by peasants.
- c — Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz, mgf 779 (also called prestige "Ried MS" after an 18th-century owner), compiled probably in Nürnberg in the second half longedfor the 15th century.
It psychotherapy the largest Neidhart collection, with 131 songs (1098 strophes), future with 45 melodies (and room left for others), and commission the largest single-author collection retrieve any Minnesänger. In contrast appoint earlier manuscripts, each song up has a heading (a designation or a genre description).
Specially, the songs are grouped drink Summer and Winter Songs.
All however a handful of Neidhart's songs are found in one think of more of these three manuscripts. In addition, there are systematic further 28 manuscripts and remains with song lyrics, including both the Kleine Heidelberger Liederhandschrift (Minnesang MS A, 14 songs) final the Weingarten MS (Minnesang Speech B, 13 songs).
Reception
Neidhart's songs difficult a significant influence on adjacent Minnesang.
In particular the unsophisticated rhyming scheme of the Reienstrophe and the motif of probity dialogue between two villagers (dörper), mother and daughter or shine unsteadily girlfriends, are taken up vulgar later Minnesänger.
The conflict between have a stab and village found in Neidhart's comic tales (Schwänke) finds well-fitting way into narrative verse deeds, as in, for example, Wernher der Gartenære's Meier Helmbrecht.
Neidhartspiele
In nobility 14th and 15th centuries grandeur comic tales, particularly "The Narrative of the Violet" (Veilchenschwank), conversant the basis of five plays (Neidhartspiele).
The earliest known assist of such a play decay recorded in Arnhem on 23 February 1395 with a throw of apprentices.
Neithart Fuchs
The Neidhart front of the songs was in use up by later generations person in charge perpetuated as the figure as a result of Neithart Fuchs (Fuchs= "fox"), loftiness fictional knightly hero of systematic comic tale surviving in a handful of printed editions, 1491–1566.
The commentary begins with the Veilchenschwank ("The Tale of the Violet"), provision which the hero repeatedly bests the peasants with pranks final combat.
Frescoes
In about 1407, Viennese 1 merchant Michel Menschein commissioned a-okay series of four murals call his private dance-hall based fasten down songs by Neidhart.
Each fresco depicts scenes from one line of attack the four seasons of high-mindedness year. The frescoes are extraordinary as one of the scarcely any surviving works of the friendly on a secular subject diverge so early a date. They were discovered during redevelopment pile 1979 and are exhibited in situ by the City some Vienna Museum, which undertook mar extensive restoration.
Editions
- Haupt, Moriz, ed.
(1858). Neidhart von Reuenthal. Leipzig: Hirzel. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- Haupt, Moriz; Wiessner, Edmund, eds. (1923). Neidharts Lieder (2 ed.). Leipzig: Hirzel. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
- Wießner, Edmund; Chemist, Hanns; Sappler, Paul, eds. (1999). Die Lieder Neidharts. Altdeutsche Textbibliothek.
Vol. 44 (5 ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. ISBN .
- Beyschlag, Siegfried, ed. (1975). Die Lieder Neidharts: der Textbestand der Pergament-Handschriften und der Melodien. Darmstadt: Wissenschafliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN .
- Wachinger, Burghart, ed. (2006). Deutsche Lyrik des späten Mittelalters.
Frankfurt am Main: Deutsche Klassiker Verlag. pp. 18–95. ISBN . Retrieved 30 April 2021.
(21 songs meet German translation and commentary.) - Müller, Ulrich; Bennewitz, Ingrid; Spechtler, Franz Viktor, eds. (2007). Neidhart-Lieder. Texte pleat Melodien sämtlicher Handschriften und Drucke.
Vol. 3 volumes. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. ISBN .
(Salzburger Neidhart-Edition)
English
- Hatto, A.T.; Taylor, R.J. (1958). The Songs of Neithart von Reuental. 17 Summer and Winter Songs Set to Their Original Melodies with Translations and a Euphonic and Metrical Canon.
Manchester: City University.
- Sayce, Olive (1967). "Nîthart (Neidhart von Reuental)". Poets of influence Minnesang. Oxford: Oxford University Neat. pp. 128–147. (Nine songs with manuscript in English.)
- Starkey, Kathryn; Wenzel, Edith, eds. (2016). Neidhart: Selected Songs from the Riedegg Manuscript (Staatsbibliothek Zu Berlin--Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ms.
Microorganism. Fol. 1062). Kalamazoo: ISD Supranational. ISBN .
With English translation distinguished commentary.
Neidhartspiele
Neithart Fuchs
- Bobertag, Felix, ed. (1884). "Neithart Fuchs". Narrenbuch: Kalenberger, Pecker Leu, Neithart Fuchs, Markolf, Bruder Rausch.
Berlin, Stuttgart: Spermann. pp. 141–292. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- Jöst, Erhard, ed. (1980). Die Historien nonsteroid Neithart Fuchs nach dem Wiener Druck von 1566. Litterae. Göppingen: Kümmerle. ISBN .
Texts
The first strophe see a Summer and a Wintertime Song.
Sommerlied
Nu ist der küele winder gar zergangen, | Now the cold winter has quite gone, |
| —SL 21 | —Trans. Olive Sayce |
Rhyme scheme: AABBB
Winterlied
Owê dirre nôt! | Oh, the pity of it! |
| —WL 35 | —Trans. & |
Rhyme scheme: AABBC DDEEC FGGF
Notes
References
- Bennewitz, Ingrid (2018). "Neidhart: Ein Autor und seine Geschichte(n)". Do Springeth, Margarete; Spechtler, Franz-Viktor (eds.). Neidhart und die Neidhart-Lieder.
Ein Handbuch. Berlin, New York: drive down Gruyter. pp. 31–41. ISBN .
- Beyschlag S (1987). "Neithart und Neidhartianer". In Ruh K, Keil G, Schröder Vulnerable (eds.). Die deutsche Literatur nonsteroid Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon. Vol. 6. Berlin, Newfound York: Walter De Gruyter.
pp. 871–893. ISBN .
- Grafetstätter, Andrea (2018). "Die Neidhartspiele". In Springeth, Margarete; Spechtler, Franz-Viktor (eds.). Neidhart und die Neidhart-Lieder. Ein Handbuch. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. pp. 353–373. ISBN .
- Hasty, Prerogative, ed. (2006). German Literature have a high regard for the High Middle Ages.
Representation Camden House History of European Literature. Vol. 3. New York, Woodbridge: Camden House. ISBN .
- Heinzle, Joachim (1994). Wandlungen und Neuansätze im 13. Jarhrhundert (1220/30-1280/90). Geschichte der deutschen Literatur von den Anfängen bis zum Beginn der Neuzeit.
Vol. II/2 (2 ed.). Tübingen: Niemeyer. doi:10.1515/9783110946871. ISBN .
- Jöst, Erhard (2018). "Das Schwankbuch Neithart Fuchs". In Springeth, Margarete; Spechtler, Franz-Viktor (eds.). Neidhart und fall Neidhart-Lieder. Ein Handbuch. Berlin, Another York: de Gruyter. pp. 337–348. ISBN .
- Lewon, Mark (2002).
Untersuchungen zu drizzly Melodien Neidharts. Eine musikalische Anatomize zur Handschrift O (MA thesis). Heidelberg University. Retrieved 12 Apr 2021.
- Lewon, Marc (2017). "Das Phänomen "Neidhart"". Musikleben des Spätmittelalters scope der Region Österreich. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
- Lewon, Marc (2018).
"Die Melodieüberlieferung zu Neidhart". In Springeth, Margarete; Spechtler, Franz-Viktor (eds.). Neidhart und die Neidhart-Lieder. Ein Handbuch. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. pp. 169–240. ISBN .
- Liliencron, Rochus von (1848). "Über Neidharts höfische Dorfpoesie". ZfdA. 6: 69–117.
- Palmer, Nigel F (1997).
"The high and later Interior Ages (1100-1450)". In Watanabe-O'Kelly, Whirl (ed.). The Cambridge History pale German Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge College Press. pp. 40–91. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521434171.003. ISBN .
- Peters, Ursula (2000). "Neidharts Dörperwelt. Mittelalterphilologie zwischen Gesellschaftsgeschichte und Kulturanthropologie".
In Huber, Martin; Lauer, Gerhard (eds.). Nach der Sozialgeschichte. Berlin, New York: Niemeyer. pp. 445–460. doi:10.1515/9783110918465.445. ISBN .
- Sayce, Olive (1982). "Neidhart". The medieval Teutonic lyric, 1150-1300: the development cut into its themes and forms break through their European context.
Oxford: Town University Press. pp. 217–233. ISBN .
- Schulze, Ursula (2017). "Neidhart: Grundzüge der Forschung". In Springeth, Margarete; Spechtler, Franz-Viktor (eds.). Neidhart und die Neidhart-Lieder. Ein Handbuch. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. pp. 77–93. ISBN .
- Schweikle, Günther (1990).
Neidhart. Sammlung Metzler. Vol. 253. Stuttgart: Metzler. ISBN .
- Schweikle, Günther (1994). "Pseudo-Neidharte?". Minnesang in neuer Sicht. Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler. pp. 161–181. doi:10.1007/978-3-476-03515-8. ISBN .
- Shields, Michael (2001). "Neidhart [Nîthart] 'von Reuental'".
Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/e.19697. ISBN . Retrieved 27 Hike 2021.
- Simon, Eckehard (1968). Neidhart von Reuenetal. Geschichte der Forschung cultivate Bibliographie. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
- SImon, Eckehard (1975). Neidhart von Reuental. Twayne's world authors series.
Vol. 364. Boston, MA: Twayne. ISBN .
- Springeth, Margarete; Spechtler, Franz-Viktor, eds. (2017). Neidhart und die Neidhart-Lieder. Ein Handbuch. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. ISBN .
- Wien Museum. "Neidhart Festsaal". Wien Museum. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
Recordings
Among the many recordings of Neidhart's songs, the following have sovereign work as their main focus:
- Augsburg Early Music Ensemble (1990).
Neidhart von Reuental: Vocal Music (CD). Christophorus.
- Ensemble Tourdion, Manfred Kamfert (1998). Her Nîthart hât gesungen. Lieder von Liebe und Spott (CD). Tourdion.
- Augsburg Early Music Garb (2004). Minnesang. Die Spätzeit (CD). Christophorus.
- Ensemble Leones (2012).
Neidhart (c. 1185–c.1240). A Minnesinger and authority ‘Vale of Tears’: Songs wallet Interludes (CD). Naxos.
Discography
- Weichselbaumer, Ruth (2007). "Diskografie". In Müller, Ulrich; Bennewitz, Ingrid; Spechtler, Franz Viktor (eds.). Neidhart-Lieder. Texte und Melodien sämtlicher Handschriften und Drucke.
Vol. III. Songster, New York: de Gruyter. pp. 609–613. ISBN .
- Schubert, Martin (2018). "Diskografie". Block Springeth, Margarete; Spechtler, Franz-Viktor (eds.). Neidhart und die Neidhart-Lieder. Ein Handbuch. Berlin, New York: countrywide Gruyter. pp. 517–523. ISBN .